Essay --

Presentation (110/600 words) The White Cube Gallery in London is known for its conventional way to deal with exhibition space, as the name of the structure suggests, and is the methodology most exhibitions around the globe take for showing work. The white walled, profoundly lit structure is the thing that many think about the ideal method to see workmanship (embed quote) yet since the ascent of elective display spaces, the ‘white walled gallery’ has been significantly tested by media and specialists the same (embed quote). Most present day exhibitions offer an unbiased, private, ageless spot to show and experience workmanship yet in addition makes a characteristic obstruction between the crowd and the craftsmanship. Option and improvised displays are getting increasingly well known. Christopher Green 142/600 Christopher Green is a youthful craftsman situated in London, United Kingdom and in the wake of finishing college; he and a gathering of craftsmen he lived with made a display space inside their home and curated demonstrates open to people in general from 2006 to 2007. It is an extraordinary endeavor as it is where the workmanship is created in a similar space and it is being appeared however it's anything but a studio space. More than 11 months they displayed and curated roughly 55 artists’ works in 9 presentation appears. Albeit the vast majority of the house was in a condition of run down, the exhibition territory kept up a white walled, splendidly lit zone however a few rooms of the old Georgian apartment despite everything contained white washed chimneys that includes a specific character and human touch that isn't really found in a typical display space. White Cubicle Gallery (221/600) The White Cubicle Gallery, situated in the women’s toilets of The George and Dragon, London, and it depicts itself as ‘an antitoxin to London’s once in a while very business workmanship scene ‘. It... ...ything as it ought to be, the correct bits of workmanship in the correct spots, ensuring data is right upon distribution and obviously the exhibitions fundamental reason, selling craftsmanship and furthermore making accessible to general society for survey, the entirety of this currently being done online just as on location. The intrigue of the online exhibition versus the genuine exhibition is it is very nearly a less difficult approach to show work and venture to crowd since you are more than anticipating to a little gathering of individuals, online it is the entire world, for everybody that can't go to The Museum of Modern Art you can see its assortment on the web. What's more, it is open for anybody to utilize, the limitations of getting the correct space and workmanship and cost isn't attainable on the web, anybody can begin an assortment for a group of people to view and it is the gathering and curating of what you find into a determination is the thing that makes it an onl ine display.

Life of a prisoner in the Soviet Gulag and Nazi Death Camp Systems Essay

Life of a detainee in the Soviet Gulag and Nazi Death Camp Systems - Essay Example Similarly as connecting with is the book by Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Deisovich, which depicts a fictionalized record of his own encounters. Through investigations about these two records and developed through different sources, a correlation of the encounters in Auschwitz and the Gulag can be made. A prominent aspect concerning Solzhenitsyn’s work is that there is little that genuinely happens in the book. The tale tells the subtleties of a day, gradually and systematically, with the goal that the commonplace idea of life in a jail is uncovered. In spite of the fact that there is some conversation of discipline and the savagery of living in the Gulag, it is the dullness and the difficult day that has the most effect. Through the harsh climate and the outrage of being given no trust through steady hunts and tallying of the detainees, there is a feeling of being held set up, that feeling pervading the entire work in a manner that depicts a sensible sentiment of being in jail. Interestingly, the existence that Levi Primo depicts is loaded up with hardships that are awful and not commonplace. Each new outrage pushes him toward the following brought down level in which he should restore some feeling of mankind into his life. The most grounded idea that makes the greatest contrasts in the encounters that are portrayed is that in the Gulag, while life is unforgiving, there seems to be some expectation that the following day will come, and that at last the hero will be discharged from his detainment. In Auschwitz, then again, there is the invading sense that there will be just passing toward the finish of the excursion. Expectation is a substantially more valuable ware as the portrayals of the day by day life is characterized by the information that decimation had been the first motivation of the Nazi party. The low degree of human conditions underscored the absence of regard for fundamental human presence that was given in this awful spot. In t he Gulag, while debilitating occasions were a day by day part of life, the expectation appeared to contain and keep up the detainees, as opposed to urge passing to take them. As per German records about the quantities of passings in Auschwitz, 1,750,000 individuals kicked the bucket in the camp (Linn 71). The camp had a limited life, its start and end inside the time allotment of World War II. Its motivation was to encourage the destruction of those the Nazi system had decided were unfit as illustrative of the human species, and were characterized as disposable and ideologically superfluous. The awfulness of this idea and the quantity of individuals lost to this conviction framework makes it one of the most exceedingly terrible occasions in mankind's history. Where the occasions at Auschwitz were horrendous, the camp just existed in a couple of brief years where the barbarities had a limited start and end. The Gulag framework, then again, went on for a long time wherein moderate fra meworks of repulsiveness and abuse wore out the individuals from the danger of being kept inside its grip, or the fact of being confined. The Gulag spoke to fear for the individuals who were not in its dividers, advancing the abuse of Communism and holding influence over the statement of conviction and assessment inside the country of the Soviet Union (Applebaum). Neatness, wellbeing, and food were all a portion of the more significant subjects from the two authors. Wellbeing was not handily kept in either condition, the soundness of Levi being so poor at long last that he was abandoned, which more than likely spared his life from the unforgiving excursion of

I will begin again.

I will begin again. DID YOU KNOW? Takeshi Kaga, the flamboyant chairman from Japans Iron Chef, originated the role of Jean Valjean in the Japanese production of Les Miserables. If you own the 10th Anniversary Concert DVD, you can see him in the Valjeans of the World medley at the end. It always struck me as kind of odd that they picked Do You Hear the People Sing? as the song for this medley, since thats pretty much the one song in the entire show that Valjean never sings at all. I was Javert in my high schools production, remember. I will get to posting integral answers soon! Based on a comment I got yesterday, there are still people working and I dont want to spoil the fun. By the by, I found out the average on that 10.302: Transport Processes final from last year that I was so worried about. It was a 68. out of 200. Speaking of things that have mutilated me recently, I posted the much-requested before picture in my last entry. Given the locations of our cuts, I would say that thekeri and I are now hand twins. That is the only episode of Friends that I have ever seen all the way through. No lie. But onward to business. Today was the second day of classes and I have now had every class in my schedule at least once. Here are my initial thoughts and impressions a la last semester. 6.002: Circuits and Electronics I dont know much about circuitry, and there are enough things marked HIGH VOLTAGE in my UROP laboratory that I think it might be time to familiarize myself with some of it. On thing thats strange about taking this class is being in a class with more males than femalessince the gender ratio in Course 10 is about 1 male for every 2 females, I sometimes forget that the actual MIT gender balance is closer to 53-47 or something like that. 10.26: Chemical Engineering Project Laboratory YES! We had 15 projects to choose from for this class, and I got one of the two advised by Professor Virk. I love Professor Virk. He would wear a North Face jacket to class every day for 10.301: Fluid Mechanics. Inevitably, he would find it a little stuffy in the room and remark, in his unbelievable Indian accent: Oh, I think I must take a page from the book of NELLY! Because it is getting HOT in HERE! We thought this was the only thing he knew about modern music, but during one recitation, after taking off his jacket, he surprised us with: Ha ha ha, were any of you watching the GRAMMYS last night? I must say, NELLY was not doing so HOT out there! Most of the awards were going to Mr. USHER! No lie. Later he explained to us that since coming to America, he has always learned new English expressions through popular music, starting from The Beach Boys Help Me Rhonda and continuing up to the present day. Anyway, our project involves polymeric additives in the Trans-Alaska Pipeline, and my three-member group is already quite ambitious (Lets do a really good job on this; maybe we could get our name on a publication!). However, another group gets to explore the heating of Subway sandwiches in an industrial oven. As Paris Hilton would say if she were a little more clever (and not paid to endorse Burger King), Thats hot. 10.32: Separations Processes Today in class we explored mass transfer as applied to brewing coffee. 10.37: Chemical Kinetics and Reactor Design Most classes at MIT are 12 units (corresponds roughly to a 4 unit class at other universities; youre expected to spend about 12 hours on the class between studying and written work). From class today, paraphrased: Student: Why is this a 9-unit class? How does it compare to 10.302 [a 12-unit class]? Professor: Well, basically the only reason is because Course 10 exceeded the credit limit for the number of credits you could require for an undergraduate major, so we had to pretend we were cutting out 3 hours somewhere. 21F.402: German II I was hoping for a little review of German I, but no such luck here. The first chapter is about recycling, and I have already learnt such useful words as umweltfreundlich (environmentally-friendly). Im really excited about learning from somebody whose first name is Dagmar. Dagmar! 21M.401: Concert Choir It should be another fantastic semester; were doing Brahms German Requiem and the whole choir gets to go to Switzerland as part of a choral exchange program! Unfortunately, Im already going to be in Germany at the time, so I probably wont be able to attend. The ironing is delicious. Also of note: WILG, the Womens Independent Living Group gives out free cookies on the first day of classes. Because they are awesome. Legend has it that many years ago WILG and some fraternity, lets say Zeta Psi, had a cook-off/eat-off competition. WILG would cook something, and the 40-ish men of Zeta Psi would have to eat all of it. WILG would win if they could cook more than Zeta Psi would eat. Undaunted, WILG prepared one thousand chocolate chip cookies. I dont think Zeta Psi ever spoke of the incident again.

I will begin again.

I will begin again. DID YOU KNOW? Takeshi Kaga, the flamboyant chairman from Japans Iron Chef, originated the role of Jean Valjean in the Japanese production of Les Miserables. If you own the 10th Anniversary Concert DVD, you can see him in the Valjeans of the World medley at the end. It always struck me as kind of odd that they picked Do You Hear the People Sing? as the song for this medley, since thats pretty much the one song in the entire show that Valjean never sings at all. I was Javert in my high schools production, remember. I will get to posting integral answers soon! Based on a comment I got yesterday, there are still people working and I dont want to spoil the fun. By the by, I found out the average on that 10.302: Transport Processes final from last year that I was so worried about. It was a 68. out of 200. Speaking of things that have mutilated me recently, I posted the much-requested before picture in my last entry. Given the locations of our cuts, I would say that thekeri and I are now hand twins. That is the only episode of Friends that I have ever seen all the way through. No lie. But onward to business. Today was the second day of classes and I have now had every class in my schedule at least once. Here are my initial thoughts and impressions a la last semester. 6.002: Circuits and Electronics I dont know much about circuitry, and there are enough things marked HIGH VOLTAGE in my UROP laboratory that I think it might be time to familiarize myself with some of it. On thing thats strange about taking this class is being in a class with more males than femalessince the gender ratio in Course 10 is about 1 male for every 2 females, I sometimes forget that the actual MIT gender balance is closer to 53-47 or something like that. 10.26: Chemical Engineering Project Laboratory YES! We had 15 projects to choose from for this class, and I got one of the two advised by Professor Virk. I love Professor Virk. He would wear a North Face jacket to class every day for 10.301: Fluid Mechanics. Inevitably, he would find it a little stuffy in the room and remark, in his unbelievable Indian accent: Oh, I think I must take a page from the book of NELLY! Because it is getting HOT in HERE! We thought this was the only thing he knew about modern music, but during one recitation, after taking off his jacket, he surprised us with: Ha ha ha, were any of you watching the GRAMMYS last night? I must say, NELLY was not doing so HOT out there! Most of the awards were going to Mr. USHER! No lie. Later he explained to us that since coming to America, he has always learned new English expressions through popular music, starting from The Beach Boys Help Me Rhonda and continuing up to the present day. Anyway, our project involves polymeric additives in the Trans-Alaska Pipeline, and my three-member group is already quite ambitious (Lets do a really good job on this; maybe we could get our name on a publication!). However, another group gets to explore the heating of Subway sandwiches in an industrial oven. As Paris Hilton would say if she were a little more clever (and not paid to endorse Burger King), Thats hot. 10.32: Separations Processes Today in class we explored mass transfer as applied to brewing coffee. 10.37: Chemical Kinetics and Reactor Design Most classes at MIT are 12 units (corresponds roughly to a 4 unit class at other universities; youre expected to spend about 12 hours on the class between studying and written work). From class today, paraphrased: Student: Why is this a 9-unit class? How does it compare to 10.302 [a 12-unit class]? Professor: Well, basically the only reason is because Course 10 exceeded the credit limit for the number of credits you could require for an undergraduate major, so we had to pretend we were cutting out 3 hours somewhere. 21F.402: German II I was hoping for a little review of German I, but no such luck here. The first chapter is about recycling, and I have already learnt such useful words as umweltfreundlich (environmentally-friendly). Im really excited about learning from somebody whose first name is Dagmar. Dagmar! 21M.401: Concert Choir It should be another fantastic semester; were doing Brahms German Requiem and the whole choir gets to go to Switzerland as part of a choral exchange program! Unfortunately, Im already going to be in Germany at the time, so I probably wont be able to attend. The ironing is delicious. Also of note: WILG, the Womens Independent Living Group gives out free cookies on the first day of classes. Because they are awesome. Legend has it that many years ago WILG and some fraternity, lets say Zeta Psi, had a cook-off/eat-off competition. WILG would cook something, and the 40-ish men of Zeta Psi would have to eat all of it. WILG would win if they could cook more than Zeta Psi would eat. Undaunted, WILG prepared one thousand chocolate chip cookies. I dont think Zeta Psi ever spoke of the incident again.

Essay on Leadership Styles - 1239 Words

Leadership Evaluation and Philosophy: An Appraisal of Angela Merkel’s Leadership during the Euro Crisis and My Leadership Philosophy Kelly Bullard BSN RN Grand Canyon University: MGT 605 October 8, 2014 This dissertation will discuss Angela Merkel’s Leadership style and ethics during the Euro crisis. It will also compare Angela Merkel’s leadership style to servant leadership style. It will also describe how servant leadership may or may not change the outcomes of the Euro crisis. In the closure of the dissertation, I will discuss my own leadership philosophy. Angela Merkel Angela Merkel is the Chancellor of Germany. Last fall, she was elected to her third term as chancellor of Germany, making her one of the only two†¦show more content†¦Initially Merkel was against giving bailouts. Thus with the Greco-European crisis being the forefront, Merkel pushed for greater private-sector investors to absorb some of the rescue burden. She saw to it that European Union bureaucrats went to Athens where they quietly insisted on simple but important things like shortened vacations for the civil servants, higher taxes on swimming pools and lower expenditures on public housing (Applebaum, 2013). In consideration of these reforms, Angela Merkel stated at political rally in Germany â€Å"Its not just about getting any further into debt in countries such as Greece, Spain and Portugal, people should not be allowed to receive pension before their German counterparts. We all have to put in some effort. This is important, we cannot have the same currency, yet some have an abundance of holiday leave and others have very little.†The German Chancellor continues â€Å"We cannot stand by these countries and allow them to act the way they have up until now. Germany will help, but only if these countries demonstrate they are putting in the necessary effort(Asymptotix, 2011). Merkel made multiple attempts with banks and governments to reform policies to prevent taxpayers from absorbing the burden of paying bailouts to the indebted countries. Unfortunately, her efforts failed, and European taxpayers suffered the burden of rescuing the Euro (Engelen, 2011). Merkel stated â€Å"the reforms thatShow MoreRelatedLeadership Styles : Leadership Style780 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Leadership style is designed according to a pioneer s behaviors, which is enveloped under behaviorist theory. Inside of this class, distinctive examples of leadership behavior are watched and classified as leadership styles. Practicing managers have a tendency to be the most keen on looking into this specific theory in light of the fact that with it leaders can modify their style taking into account the convictions, values, inclinations and society of the association they work for.Read MoreLeadership Styles Of Leadership Style1399 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is leadership? Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines leadership as â€Å"the power or ability to lead other people†. Although this is simply put, it is also correct. But leadership is much more than the ability to lead. The ability is one piece of the puzzle. Other pieces to consider in leadership are education, attributes, and style, just to name a few. In this assignment, I will focus on leadership style. Speci fically, I will discuss my style according to the assessment developed byRead MoreLeadership Style Of Leadership Styles897 Words   |  4 PagesThe last style of leadership is delegative leadership in which the leader delegates tasks to the employees. This leader is able to derive satisfaction from allowing the staff to participate in decision making responsibilities (Brody and Nair, 2014, p. 4). These leadership styles are not set in stone and characteristics may overlap into other leaderships styles. The leadership style that would best suit a rural area is participate leadership style. In rural areas agencies and organizations lack resourceRead MoreLeadership Styles And Leadership Style851 Words   |  4 Pageswant to give critical thought to your unique leadership style and foster genuine followership, learn from what’s out there and weave it into something meaningful and authentic.† (Feiner, 2015) For the last two weeks, I have spent time self-analyzing and soul searching to identify the qualities I bring to a leadership role. Many of the core values important to me also align between the participative leadership style and laissez-faire leadership style. These values include working in a team environmentRead MoreLeadership Styles : Leadership Style995 Words   |  4 PagesLeaders are expected to use a leadership style, communication skills, and their knowledge of interpersonal and team dynamics to create an appropriate quality of work life for their followers in the workplace. A leadership style is a combination of a leader’s attitude, expertise, character, and values that is exhibited in the leader’s behavior. Each style of leadership reflects a leader’s beliefs about a follower’s capabilities. A follower’s perception of leadership style really matters to them, as theyRead MoreLeadership Style Of Leadership Styles934 Words   |  4 PagesThere is much that is written about leadership; like books on l eadership styles, techniques and also biographies of leaders that have inspired people to action. While this is true, there is the everyday leadership and a slightly different outlook to leadership as well. Here are a few of them. 1. There Are Different Kinds of Leaders Among leaders are formal and informal leaders. Formal leaders are elected to their positions like congressmen, senators and office bearers of clubs. Informal leadersRead MoreLeadership Styles : Leadership Style979 Words   |  4 Pagestheir own leadership style. In her article, Johnson (n.d.) discusses five leadership styles: Laissez-Faire, autocratic, transactional, transformational and participative. Laissez-Faire has a French origin and it means â€Å"a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering† (Oxford dictionaries, 2016). When leaders take total control, such as making all decisions alone and does not ask for the input of the employees, they are using the autocratic leadership style. ThisRead MoreLeadership Style Of Leadership Styles Essay1433 Words   |  6 Pagesprobably feel as if they know enough about leadership to speak on the subject. In many cases, however, this is not truly the case at all. Leadership is a broad concept , and there are several different styles and approaches to consider when studying the topic. It is important to consider these styles and approaches when evaluating the effectiveness, or lack thereof, of any particular form of leadership. With that in mind, this essay will consider the leadership styles of two leaders who are involved in theRead MoreThe Leadership Style Of Leadership Styles1994 Words   |  8 Pagesthat leadership is a kind of ability or activity which a leader could straight affect and guide their followers to achieve certain objectives in the specific situation (John Calvin Maxwell,2011). The shifting internal elements and increasing external competitions have posed growing demanding to managers’ leadership approaches. However, managers are provided with various personalities or perspectives, accordingly, managers are not accomplishing their aims by using similar styles. The leadership styleRead MoreLeadership Styles Of Leadership Style1088 Words   |   5 PagesConsider what leadership or management style speaks most to you. Discuss that particular style, explain why it fits you better than others. Alternatively, consider the leadership or management style fits you least. Explain what is least desirable with that style from your perspective. What leadership or management style speaks most to me? They are a few leadership styles that I venerate. The Transformational Leadership, the Visionary Leadership, and the Charismatic Leadership styles are the most

Adam Smith s Theory Of Capitalism And Free Market

Many different economists framed economic thought today. Adam Smith opened up the world of capitalism and free market. These are both systems that truly affect a majority if not all countries in the world in some way. Karl Marx is a man who had a completely different approach to government, he believed in something called Marxism, which was an idealistic approach that meant for all people to work equally for the betterment of the nation. Keynes had a different approach, he believed in government intervention to stimulate the economy. Adam Smith and Friedman’s ideas completely contradict Keynes; they hated government involvement regarding the economy. Friedman’s ideas introduced a new idea after Keynes theory to the American government and his monetary theory shaped the policies that the united States have today. Smith, Marx, Keynes and Friedman all shaped economics to the branch of education it is today and were all revolutionary at some point in history. Adam Smith and Marx’s ideas mostly oppose each other and Friedman and Keynes’s theories opposed one another as well. Though there were huge differences, there still are some similarities to their economic viewpoints. Adam Smith is widely recognized as the father of economics and is still considered one of the most influential thinkers and economics today. Adam Smith is known has the worlds first free market capitalist. Adam Smith is and was everything Marx stood against. Their viewpoints were basically polar opposites.Show MoreRelatedThe Biography Of Adam Smith1505 Words   |  7 PagesThe Biography of Adam Smith Adam Smith was born in Kirkcaldy, Scotland in the year 1923, and died in the year 1790 at the age of 67 (Stewart, 1861). His exact date of birth is unknown but was baptized on 5th June 1723. His father was a prosecutor, advocate, and solicitor but passed on two months after his birth, leaving his mother to bring him up. His mother, Margaret Douglas, played a great role in his upbringing, especially in education. He joined the Burgh school where he learned history, writingRead MoreAdam Smith And Karl Marx1674 Words   |  7 PagesI. Adam Smith and Karl Marx Contemporary economics are best explained by comparing two foundational thinkers that have contributed to the better understanding of liberalism, one being its proponent Adam Smith and the other being its most significant critic, Karl Marx. Both thinkers are profoundly important in locating and investigating the roots of neoliberalism as well as exploring alternatives ways to challenge neoliberal economics in the face of its post-cold war expansion as the inevitable andRead MoreSmith vs. Marx - a Comparison Essay1247 Words   |  5 PagesSmith versus Marx Ââ€" A Comparison S. Glen Balanoff July 04, 2004 Smith versus Marx Ââ€" A Comparison Modern economic society can be described as a combination of certain points from several theories combined into one. Changing dynamics and economic needs of nations has spawned a development of various, and contrasting, economic systems throughout the world. Perhaps the two most contrasting philosophies seen in existence today are that of capitalism and communism. The two philosophers most notablyRead MoreAdam Smith And His Influence On American Society Essay1348 Words   |  6 Pagessociety and the economic market. Out of the many thinkers and developers of that time period, perhaps none made so great an impact on American society as the Scottish contemporary philosopher and political economist, Adam Smith—who is most known for his influential work, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, By the early nineteenth century, other streams of economic theory emerged from various individuals who were also influenced by the ideas of Smith. Some of these i ndividualsRead MoreAn Inquiry Into The Nature And Causes Of The Wealth Of Nations986 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1776, Adam Smith, also known as the founding father of economic liberalism, changed the world with a historical document titled An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. This book was intended to be an attack upon the economic system during the 18th century. Today, Smith is known as the inventor of the market economy because of this particular work. Although, the article has a built-in bias, having both fact and opinion. The Wealth of Nations is considered to be the bibleRead MoreAdam Smith And Karl Marx1055 Words   |  5 PagesDerek Ding Economy Ms. Walsh Period D Adam Smith and Karl Marx Adam Smith and Karl Marx are famous for their influential and prominent theories about economics. Two difference thoughts indeed are contributions that can change the world. In Adam Smith s â€Å"Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations†, he introduced an idea where producers work in ways they want and get paid by how much work they put in. In other words, they can set up prizes that they thinkRead MoreAdam Smith and Globalization: China’s Economic Evolution Essay975 Words   |  4 Pagestrade, migration, market integration and capital flows have been practiced in various forms dating back centuries. China is at the epicenter of our globalized world and their success is attributed to the tenets of Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations. However, opponents of the globalization believe if Smith were alive today, he would be repulsed by our modern day international business strategies. The general consensus among dissenters of globalization is the misgu ided belief that capitalism at any level isRead MoreAdam Smith Economy Essay1763 Words   |  8 PagesAdam Smith thoughts and the role of government in a capitalist system Abstract The aim of this paper is to discuss government intervention in the economy. Adam Smith, the founder of economics, stated that the free market is guided by the invisible hand, reduces government intervention and identifies three main functions of the government: national defense, administration of justice and public utilities. However, many issues emerged during the Great Depression, leading to the emergence of new theoriesRead MoreCapitalism And The Free Market1501 Words   |  7 PagesCapitalism is an economic system that dominates the world, some claim it is the key to a better world, taking the poor out of poverty and building an closer world, while other believe it is an exploitative system that oppresses billionS of people. Capitalism and the free market began to take from around the industrial revolution and came as a result of philosopher and economist Adam Smith and David Ricardo. Adam Smith’s book the wealth of nations was the template for many modern western nations .Read MoreKarl Marx And Adam Smith Essay1639 Words   |  7 PagesPresence of the Theories of Karl Marx Adam Smith Within the Canadian Economy Written by: Jason Kothary, Zach Shafi, Sam Girma Kevin Sallaku Research: Ryan Salehi, Zack Izzeddin, David Moffett, Cameron Bernardo, Harrison Toms, Taha Mahmood, Anthony Alexiou, Jason Kothary, Zach Shafi, Sam Girma Kevin Sallaku Canada’s economy is one that exhibits a multitude of characteristics that adhere to the capitalist and socialist constructs of a mixed system. In order to clearly define and analyze the

Analysis of Cadbury Schweppes Essay - 1439 Words

Analysis of Cadbury Schweppes TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTIONÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…..3 1.1 DefinitionÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…...3 1.2 PurposeÂ…...Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…...3 1.3 Sources of DataÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…..3 2.0 MISSION STATEMENTÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…..4 2.1 Peter Druckers QuestionsÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….4 3.0 COMPANY S PEST ANALYSISÂ…Â…Â…..Â…...Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…5 3.1 PoliticalÂ…Â…Â….Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….5 3.2 EconomicsÂ…Â…Â…Â…..Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….Â…..5 3.3†¦show more content†¦1.1 Definition An Information System collects, processes, stores, analyses and disseminates information for specific purpose. . Input . Processing . Output The right kind of Information System must be used in order to improve the companys performance and assure that they achieve their goals and priorities efficiently. 1.2 Purpose This report has been prepared for Dr. Uma Mohan. It discusses Cadbury Schweppes Mission Statement and Peter Druckers Questions, the importance of the analyse of PEST and SWOT factors. Also the recommendation and importance of the Management of Information System utilised inside Cadbury Schweppes in order to achieve their goals. 1.3 Sources of Data Information was obtained from a variety of sources. These sources include: textbook information, private and public websites. It was also utilised ‘Cadbury Schweppes: Our business principles booklet as the primary resource for this report. 2.0 MISSION STATEMENT The Companys Mission Statement provides a clear framework of their strategic intent and how they do conduct their business: ‘‘Our Core Purpose is: working together to create brands people love CS believes that good ethics and good business go together naturally to produce the best longterm results for all their stakeholders. Ethical business sits at the heart of CS. They are committed to the highest standards of corporate governance and SocialShow MoreRelatedBusiness Management947 Words   |  4 Pages| Introduction The company is located in London of United Kingdom ,which incorporated on 1969 .Cadbury Schweppes PLC is one of the oldest and largest family-run businesses in the world now. Even though pastries Cadbury Limited merged with the carbonated drinks company Schweppes Limited in 1969, Cadbury family members still run the Cadbury Schweppes , which has been represented in Cadbury s top management for almost 180 years. The company is currently the world s third leading producer ofRead MoreCadbury Schweppes1162 Words   |  5 PagesIndustry Analysis: Cadbury Schweppes (CS) is comprised of a global confectionery and beverage company. For the purpose of this case we will maintain our focus on the confectionery business and the assessment of adding to their sugar confectionery portfolio. CS is number three in the beverage business but see the opportunity to become the largest confectionery in the world. The categories are chocolates, sugar and chewing gum. At this time Adams is the number two sized in the gum business. ThisRead MoreCadbury Beverages Case1524 Words   |  7 PagesCompany Description Cadbury Beverages, Inc. is the beverage division of Cadbury Schweppes PLC, a major global soft drink and confectionery marketer. In 1989, Cadbury Schweppes PLC had worldwide sales of $4.6 billion, which were produced by product sales in more than 110 countries. Cadbury Schweppes PLC headquarters are located in London, England; Cadbury Beverages, Inc. worldwide headquarters are in Stamford, Connecticut. Cadbury Schweppes PLC has the distinction of being the world’sRead MoreCadbury Schweppes Plc3853 Words   |  16 PagesReport 4 3.1 Marketing Report for Cadbury Schweppes 3.2 Current Market Analysis 5-7 3.3 BCG Matrix 8-9 3.4 Igor Ansoff Matrix 10-11 3.5 SWOT Analysis 12-13 3.6 Product Life Cycle 14-15 3.7 Porter’s Generic Model 16-17 3.8 Marketing Mix 18-20 4.1 Evaluation and Recommendation 21-23 5.1 Research, references and bibliography 24 Cadbury Schweppes Plc. 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Adjusting to College Life Essay Example For Students

Adjusting to College Life Essay When students are still in high school, college looms in the distance like an ominous cloud. Frankly, all of the students are scared about going to college. When students go to college they feel like going to the great unknown to go to a place where they dont know anyone. But after all college is not that bad. First of all, the adjustment to college isnt that rough. The staff and students are trained to make the adjustment as easy as possible, and the other students they meet are just as nervous as they are. Their new fellow classmates are just as anxious as you to meet people, so as long as you make the effort, youll be surprised as to how many people you meet. Meeting people will not be that hard, since most colleges offer a bazillion a lot social events at the beginning of the year. And the friends that students do meet in college you will be surprised as to how close students become to each other. This is mostly due to the fact that they live about twenty feet from them or even closer. Just think how much closer students would be to their friends in school if, to visit them, you just had to walk down the hall at midnight about three doors and walk into their friends bedroom. And you can never hide anything, because the student bedroom could end up becoming the floor social lounge and your bed could end up being the common couch. Basically, college classes are not much more difficult than high school classes. The only major difference is that much of the work for classes is done out of the classroom. In college, classes are usually twelve hours per week and dispersed over three or four days of the week. If you keep up with your work, then students should have no problem getting a B or an A. Many students worry about financial aid. Do not apply to a school because you dont think that you cant afford it. The people at college are trying to help you, and financial aid is one way that they do that. If you dont get enough money from a school, call them and tell them your situation. In most cases things can be worked out. College is also great because it lets you be ourselves. To be perfectly honest, people at college can be a bit odd, and the diversity of college life allows you to express yourself the way that you really want. This can be a great way for people to find out who they really are in an environment that encourages peoples beliefs, religions, values and life styles. College life is our first taste of pure freedom. You have no curfews, no parents and no teachers to yell at you to go to class. The one thing that students need to do is learn to balance that newfound freedom with the wisdom to not go nuts. Be careful with what you experiment and learn to balance your studying and your socializing. Its really easy to keep putting that 16 page paper off in order to go out with your friends, but you will find yourself up until 3am hitting yourself because you still havent collected any information yet. Your years of higher education can be the best time of our life if we only make the most of it. Dont get stressed out now, just because you are worried about financial aid and college applications. Things have a way of working out in the end. One important thing is to become close friends of our guidance counselors, because they are an invaluable tool at our disposition. .ud8a3859de8d3f0b7893fb5c838978af4 , .ud8a3859de8d3f0b7893fb5c838978af4 .postImageUrl , .ud8a3859de8d3f0b7893fb5c838978af4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud8a3859de8d3f0b7893fb5c838978af4 , .ud8a3859de8d3f0b7893fb5c838978af4:hover , .ud8a3859de8d3f0b7893fb5c838978af4:visited , .ud8a3859de8d3f0b7893fb5c838978af4:active { border:0!important; } .ud8a3859de8d3f0b7893fb5c838978af4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud8a3859de8d3f0b7893fb5c838978af4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud8a3859de8d3f0b7893fb5c838978af4:active , .ud8a3859de8d3f0b7893fb5c838978af4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud8a3859de8d3f0b7893fb5c838978af4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud8a3859de8d3f0b7893fb5c838978af4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud8a3859de8d3f0b7893fb5c838978af4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud8a3859de8d3f0b7893fb5c838978af4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud8a3859de8d3f0b7893fb5c838978af4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud8a3859de8d3f0b7893fb5c838978af4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud8a3859de8d3f0b7893fb5c838978af4 .ud8a3859de8d3f0b7893fb5c838978af4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud8a3859de8d3f0b7893fb5c838978af4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hurricane Ivan and its Effects on Grenada EssayWords/ Pages : 618 / 24

Anti Death Penalty essays

Anti Death Penalty essays I. Roosevelt Collins, a black man in Alabama, was convicted of rape, sentenced to death, and executed in 1937. Roosevelt testified that the victim who was white had consented to sex, which caused a near-riot in the courtroom. The all-white jury deliberated for only FOUR minutes. Later interviews with several jurors revealed that although they believed the act was consensual, they also thought that he deserved death simply for messin around with a white woman. Even the judge, off the record, admitted his belief that Roosevelt was telling the truth, QUOTE: An innocent man went to his death. Horace Dunkins was executed on July 17, 1989. His attorney never told the jury he was mentally retarded, with an IQ estimated at 65. When newspapers reported this several years later, one juror told the press she would not have voted for the death penalty had she known of his retardation. The accomplice to this crime was given a life sentence. II. Everyone has their own opinion of the Death Penalty. The problem is, most United States citizens do not have the facts. As long as the death penalty is a form of punishment, we all should be aware of this information...the correct information, and not just what crime the Dead Man Walking committed. III. Myself, Chandra, Steve, and Geoff have done extensive research on the subject of corporal punishment and will discuss those findings with you today. IV. The Death Penalty is a costly, immoral, and imperfect form of punishment. Before Americans chant Death for a moral wrong, we should make sure that we are right. V. Today we will discuss some of the problems with the death penalty, solutions and alternatives to it, and even give you a glimpse into how our future America will be if we continue this immoral deterrent. Chandra will share with us three of the major problems with the death penalty. Steve will discuss some soluti...

To analyse and review the fall’s pathway that is used by an ambulance service in the North of England. The WritePass Journal

To analyse and review the fall’s pathway that is used by an ambulance service in the North of England. Introduction To analyse and review the fall’s pathway that is used by an ambulance service in the North of England. IntroductionConclusionReferenceRelated Introduction For the purpose of this assignment I have chosen to analyse and review the fall’s pathway that is used by an ambulance service in the North of England. The aim of any care pathway is to enhance the quality of care by the improvement of patient outcomes, promoting patient safety, increasing patient satisfaction, and by optimizing the use of resources available at that present time. (Zander K.2002). I will look at the referral process of a patient that has fallen in their home wither it be their first fall or have a history of multiple falls with the multiagency falls team which are available to the ambulance service. In February 2006, the National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA) published a report entitled ‘SLIPS, TRIPS AND FALLS IN HOSPITAL’. This report recommended ways of identifying and acting on reversible risk factors that may cause a person to fall, from this research there is clear evidence that the number of falls and the negative impact of their consequences can be reduced by 30% if health and social care communities work together effectively to address falls and their impact on elderly people. It also suggested ways of improving the care of patients that are vulnerable to falls and evidence on preventing falls, such as practical ways of implementing effective interventions that could reduce the risk of repeated falls. This was done by reviewing medication associated with falls detecting and treating eyesight problems physiotherapy access to walking aids and providing safer footwear. A fall may be defined as an event whereby an individual comes to rest on the ground or another lower level with or without consciousness (British Geriatric Society 2001) Falls can have a serious impact on both the quality of life of older people and on health and social care costs. Age UK (2010), states up to one in three people over 65 have a fall each year in the UK, which is around 3.4million adults.   New research and calculations puts the daily cost to the health service at more than  £4.6 million and the cost of treating osteoporotic fractures in the UK is  £1.8 billion of which  £1.5 million is estimated per PCT (Torgerson 2000) Falls can cause distress, pain, injury and loss of confidence and independence of older people, which causes multiple AE attendances, inpatient stays and increase the level and cost, of social care services provided. Ambulance services are often called as an emergency to assist older people who have fallen (Mark P.et al 2002). The after effects of even the most minor falls can be catastrophic for an older person’s physical and mental health. Falls may be caused by the person’s poor health or frailty, or by environmental factors, such as trip hazards inside and outside their home Elderly fallers account for approx 10% of all 999 calls to the Ambulance Service and more than 60,000 people fell and fractured their hip in England in 2007/8. In the England upto 14,000 people die a year as a result of an osteoporotic hip fracture. Falls pathways have been developed to improve the treatment of people over 65 years old who have fallen within their home and to prevent unnecessary admissions to hospitals. Almost half of the fallers can be safely treated at home by the attending ambulance crew. According to NICE recommendations, people at risk who require referral to a falls service include all those who have received medical attention for a fall or have fallen more than once in a year. The development of a falls prevention pathway is a requirement of both the National Service Framework (Standard Six) for Older People and NICE clinical guideline on the assessment and prevention of falls. (DoH 2003) The falls pathway aim to reduce harm to elderly people who have fallen by putting measures in place to reduce the risk of further falls and their admittance to hospital. The pathways are also aimed at improving communication between health professionals such as ambulance staffs, GP’s and falls teams. Falls in older people is a significant health and social care issue and fall prevention services are being implemented across the north of England, local fast response teams have worked to make service improvement across health and social care. Services are based around comprehensive falls pathways, which proactively identify those at highest risk of falling and carry out an assessment of internal health and social care and external environmental risk factors. The service is supported by dedicated falls practitioners, who ensure an individual care plan is in place and manage risk through onward referral, including for strength and balance training, home hazard intervention, physiotherapy therapy, visual or hearing specialist and medication review When the ambulance service are called to a patient who has fallen within their home the call is often put through to NHS direct for assessment by doing this they try to assess the patient over the telephone by asking a number of question. This can result in patients being left on the floor for a number of hours if in their opinion the patient does not have any injuries an ambulance will not be sent straight away which can cause distress to the patient. Over 1 in 5 people were not confident at all about getting up from the floor and or to summoning help. This is important given the well documented evidence of the risks associated with a ‘long lie’ (being on the floor longer than 1 hour). (The Royal College of Physicians 2009) As the patient cannot get themselves up off the floor the ambulance crew is still called to help the patient up off the floor. In this case if there are no injuries a full set of baseline observation including an Electrocardiograph (ECG) are taken on the patient and again a number of question asked to why the patient has fallen. A full medical history and a list of medication are also needed. This information is then placed onto a patient report form and a non transport form is completed and signed by the patient this is time consuming and prevents the ambulance from attending other more serious incidents. If the patient has injuries then between the patient and the ambulance crew a decision on which is the best treatment and actions for the patient will take place this could be that the injuries could be treated in the home by an emergency care practitioner or a district nurse for wound care. For an older person a fall can have serious effects on confidence and independence (Salkeld et al, 2000 Pg 341-346). Where possible all elderly patients who fall at home with their consent should be referred to a specialist fall’s service team. The Ambulance Service has developed a pathway allowing a paramedic to make a clinical decision to directly refer the patient to the Fast Response Team for further management and then onto the falls prevention service. On consent of the patient to be referred a phone call to the clinical hub is made information on the patient is provided including date of birth, GP details and patient baseline observations are past referral team also answers to parameters of assessment questions. â€Å"Is there a history of falls in the previous year? How many? Is the person on four or more medications per day? Does the person have fear of falling? Does the person report any problems with gait and/or balance? Does the person have dementia or confusion? Do they have a long term medical diagnosis (e.g. Parkinson’s/arthritis/stroke?)† (Yorkshire Ambulance Service Jan 2010) This information is then past onto the local Fast Response Team who will aim to contact the patient within 2 hours. However not all area have a 24/7 service so some patient may not be assessed straight away. All the paperwork for the patient including ECG strip should be left with the patient to that when the team arrives to assess the patient they will have all the information they need. Also with the consent of the patient they should be advised to contact their own GP for a medication review and follow up if any minor injuries are caused and to inform relatives of the fact they have had a fall and been seen by the ambulance service.. Critically analyse role of the multi disciplinary team Multidisciplinary fall assessment teams are working to develop within the National Health Service (NHS). These teams make up the building blocks of health care and every team is composed of different professionals, such as Physiotherapists, Occupational Therapists, Podiatrist and Nurse Practitioners all of which provide assessment, treatment, and rehabilitation to patients who have fallen or who are at risk of falling. Their work consists of environmental assessment, provision of equipment to maintain independence and safety in mobility and daily living skills, gait and balance work and advice on footwear and foot care. The overall aim of the falls teams are to provide a timely and responsive service to help maintain people in the community and help prevent avoidable hospital admissions and to identify patients at risk of falling and those who have fallen and to help prevent and reduce further falls. By the reviewing and discussions with multidisciplinary teams their findings from the individual patient assessment can be used to develop an individual plan of care to prevent further falls (UIGN.2004). Due to many falls fast response team not working 24/7 and only working weekdays many elderly people are left in their home over night or the weekend without being assessed. This could lead to further falls and injuries. Falls Prevention Services should provide adequate verbal and written communication about treatment with both patients and their family where appropriate and healthcare and other professionals involved in their care. This includes following up the results of investigations this often does not happen as the ambulance service has no follow up in communication with the fast response fall teams this leads to poor communication between different healthcare professionals and between healthcare professionals and patient. In the Department of Health Next Stage Review (2008), Lord Darzi announced the introduction of several new measures for improving quality such as â€Å"Quality Accounts† to include patients’ views on the quality of their experiences Older people who have fallen currently receive crisis intervention to address immediate risks. The missing link is access to a coordinated integrated falls pathway that is consistent, effective, offers active rehabilitation and places an emphasis on falls prevention Falls Prevention Services should recognise that effective communication takes time, but if achieved this is likely to increase satisfaction with the Service and improve compliance with any recommendations made for reducing the risk of falls and reducing injuries from falls. This is likely to reduce the number of patients seen in a busy clinic for example. The Patient and Public Engagement Support Programme (DH, 2009) plan to use patient experience to improve service quality by engaging and empowering users of services Early intervention and preventative advice can delay reliance on more intense interventions at a later stage. If staff groups are working effectively together and follow a common pathway. This should raise standards and promote more effective use of resources. Raising public awareness and highlighting falls prevention can help to reduce or delay the consequences of a fall. Conclusion Preventing falls in older people will save lives and decrease disability and by using a fall pathways this will achieve the following outcomes, it will help to reduce repeated falls and associated injuries and fractures it will also make a reduction in the number of falls related admissions into accident and emergency departments and calls made to the ambulance service. The widespread use of an effective falls risk assessment tool with better standards for effective prevention and rehabilitation services increased patient satisfaction and wellbeing for patients with a reduction in acute, community, rehabilitation and social care costs. The uses of risk assessment tools are important but equally having identified contributing risk factors does not in itself lead to interventions (Oliver, D., et al (2004). Preventing falls in older people depends on identifying those most at risk of falling but many old people who fall do not seek medical help, but can be identified as being at risk by being identified as having a history of falls by family members or carers. This is an effective integrated care pathway which is universally adopted between health care professional which improved partnership working between multiagency teams. Help to maintain the person independence and to prevent further falls and injuries from falls. Using patients’ experiences can help to develop such services (Kings Fund, 2009, NHSI 2009). Reference Age UK (2010) Falls in the over 65s ageuk.org.uk/latest-news/archive/cost-of-falls.(Accessed DATE HERE) British Geriatric Society and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Panel on Falls Prevention (2001). Guidance for the Prevention of Falls in Older persons, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, Volume 49 pg 664 672. Clinical practice guideline for the assessment and prevention of falls in older people NICE clinical guideline nice.org.uk (accessed DATE HERE) Department of Health. National Service Framework for Older People. 2001. dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance (Accessed DATE HERE) Department of Health. High Quality Care for All: NHS Next Stage Review final report, 2008. dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH (Accessed DATE HERE) Marks P, Daniel T, Afolabi O, Spiers G, Nguyen-Van-Tam J. Emergency (999) calls to the ambulance service that do not result in the patients being transported to hospital: an epidemiological study. Emerg Med J2002;19:Pg 449. National Patient Safety Agency (2006) slips, trips and falls in hospital npsa.nhs.uk (Accessed DATE HERE) Oliver, D., et al (2004). Risk factors and risk assessment tools for falls in hospital inpatients: a systematic review. Age and Aging   Volume 33 pg 122-130. Salkeld, G., Cameron, I D., Cumming, R G., Easter, S., Seymour, J., Kurrle, S E., Qunie, S., Ameratunga, S N., and Brown, P M. Quality of life related to fear of falling and hip fracture in older women: a time trade off study. British Medical Journal. 2000; 320: Pg 341-346. The Kings Fund Point of Care Programme. Measures of patients experience in hospital: purpose, methods and uses. (Coulter, A., Fitzpatrick, R., and Cornwell, J.) 2009. The Royal College of Physicians National Audit of Services for Falls and Bone Health of Older People (2009) rcplondon.ac.uk/resources/national-audit-falls-and-bone-health-older-people (accessed DATE HERE) Torgerson D. J. and P. Dolan, ‘The Cost of Treating Osteoporotic Fractures in the United Kingdom Female Population’ (letter), Osteoporosis International (2000) Volume 11 pg 551 University of Iowa Gerontological Nursing Interventions Research Center (UIGN). (2004). Fall prevention for older adults. University of Iowa Gerontological Nursing Interventions Research Center, Research Dissemination Core. nursing.uiowa.edu/consumerspatients/evidencebased.htm.(Accessed DATE HERE) Yorkshire Ambulance Service (Jan 2010) Referral of Patients Fast Response Pathway York and North Yorkshire Primary Care Trust area Attachment 3 Zander K. Integrated Care Pathways: eleven international trends. Journal of Integrated Care Pathways 2002 Volume 6 pg 101-107

A Comparison of Linear and Daily Undulating Periodized Programs with Research Paper

A Comparison of Linear and Daily Undulating Periodized Programs with Equated Volume and Intensity for Strength - Research Paper Example The plants were selected based on traditional medicinal usage and application in alternative medicine. They are Artemisia absinthium, Psidium guajava, Melissa officinalis, and Costus speciosus. As part of the study, methanol bark and leaf extracts were obtained from the plants in different concentrations and exposed to various cancer cell lines for 24 hours. The growth of the cancer cell lines was measured against increasing varying concentrations of the plant extracts to determine the effect of extracts on the growth of the human cancer cells. Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. This year, the number of new infections is expected to increase despite intensified efforts to prevent and manage the disease. One of the new approaches adopted in cancer prevention and management is the use of natural products. Natural products have been used for centuries to treat various illnesses, and they efficacy has been proven in studies examining the lifestyles of native tribes in the United States, Africa, and Latin America. Currently, natural medicines are used in treating around 87 percent of all known human diseases; these include cancer, bacterial and fungal infections, and immunological defects. It is also estimated that roughly a quarter of all prescription medicines in the world are sourced from plants and over three thousand plant species have anti-carcinogenic properties. This paper, therefore, contributes to the development of this research area by examining the cytotoxic impacts of the aforementi oned plants on the growth of human cancer cells. Artemisia absinthium, Psidium guajava, Melissa officinalis, and Costus speciosus have all been analyzed and used for traditional and contemporary medicinal purposes. They have proven their admirable antiparasitic, anti-carcinogenic, antibacterial, and antimicrobial qualities, hence justifying the need for more research on their antitumor attributes. Studies have shown

Written Business Communication (Assignment #1A) Assignment

Written Business Communication ( #1A) - Assignment Example Moreover, after 3:30 p.m., swing-shift employees may park in any empty space except those marked Tandem, Handicapped, Van Pool, Car Pool, or Management. The day shift employees may loan their spaces to other employees upon making prior arrangements if they would not be using their parking spaces. One serious problem that has come to our attention is lack of registration (as evidenced by white stickers). Please be advised that any car that would be found with a sticker would be ticketed. The Employee Relations department has the prerogative to register the vehicles and the following dates have been set aside for this exercise in the cafeteria: October 1st and 2nd from 11:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m. and from 3:00-5:00 p.m. we kindly ask you to treat this issue seriously in order to avoid any inconveniences. The purpose of the memo is to inform or remind the employees about the parking guidelines in the company. This is specifically meant to ensure that there is smooth movement of traffic as well as people in the organization. This also helps to minimise any inconvenience that may be caused by disorderly parking in the company. The reader positively responds if there is official communication such as written memos. I strongly believe that the readers abide by the company policies hence they are likely to follow the parking guidelines once they read the above email. The reader is likely to be reluctant at first by they will positively respond after realising that this is official communication. All employees are bound by official documents hence they should abide by all the contents presented to them. The strategy appropriate for this message/reader response should be group focused. The company should particularly address this message to the group rather than individuals. This will have a positive impact since there is likely to be collective

Linguistic Automatic Generation Natural Language

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Since such tools i.e. [2][3] that have already been developed are either not available in the market or are very expensive, and thus out of the reach of most software houses. Therefore we decided to build our own tool that can be used by the software industry in order to enable them to be more productive and competitive. But at present Auto Modeler is not ready for commercial use. But it is hoped that future versions of Auto Modeler will be able to cater to the needs of the Software Houses. 1.3. Background 1.3.1. The need for Automated Software Engineering Tools: In this era of Information Technology great demands are placed on Software Systems and on all those that are involved in the SDLC. The developed software should not only be of high quality but it should also be developed in minimal amount of time. When it comes to Software quality, the software must be highly reliable and it should meet the customers needs and it should satisfy the customers expectations. Automated Software Engineering Tools can assist the Software Engineers and Software Developers in producing High Quality Software in minimal amount of time. 1.3.2. Requirements Engineering: Requirements engineering consists of the following tasks [6]:  · Requirements Elicitation  · Requirements Analysis  · Requirements Specification  · Requirements Validation / Verification  · Requirements Management Requirements engineering is recognized as a critical task, since many software failures originate from inconsistent, incomplete or simply incorrect System Requirements specifications. 1.3.3. Natural Language Requirement Specifications: Formal methods have been successfully used to express Requirements Specifications, but often the customer cannot understand them and therefore cannot validate them [4]. Natural Language is the only common medium understood by both the Customer and the Analyst [4]. So the System Requirements Specifications are often written in Natural Language. 1.3.4. Object Oriented Analysis: The System Analyst must manually process The Natural Language Requirements Specifications Document and perform an OO Analysis and produce the results in the form of an UML Model, which has become a Standard in the Software Industry. The manual process is laborious, time consuming and often prone to errors. Some specified requirements might be left out. If there are problems or errors in the original requirements specifications, they may not be discovered in the manual process. OOA applies the OO paradigm to models of proposed systems by defining classes, objects and the relationships between them. Classes are the most important building block of an OO system and from these we instantiate objects. Once an individual object is created it inherits the same operations, relationships, semantics, and attributes identified in the class. Attributes of classes, and hence objects, hold values of properties. Operations, also called methods, describe what can be done to an object/class.[1] A relationship between classes/objects can show various attributes such as aggregation, composition, generalization and dependency. Attributes and operations represent the semantics of the class, while relationships represent the semantics of the model [1]. The KRB seven-step method, introduced by Kapur, Ravindra and Brown, proposes how to find classes and objects manually [1]. Hence, Identify candidate classes (nouns in NL). Define classes (look for instantiations of classes). Establishing associations (capturing verbs to create association for each pair of classes in 1 and 2). Expanding many-to-many associations. Identify class attributes. Normalize attributes so that they are associated with the class of objects that they truly describe. Identify class operations. From this process we can see that one goal of OOA is to identify NL concepts that can be transformed into OO concepts; which can then be used to form system models in particular notations. Here we shall concentrate on UML [1]. 1.3.5. Natural Language Processing (NLP): If an automatic analysis of the NL Requirements Document is carried out then it is not only possible to quickly find errors in the Specifications but with the right methods we can quickly generate a UML model from the Requirements. Although, Natural language is inherently ambiguous, imprecise and incomplete; often a natural language document is redundant, and several classes of terminological problems (e.g., jargon or specialist terms) can arise to make communication difficult [2] and it has been proven that Natural Language processing with holistic objectives is a very complex task, it is possible to extract sufficient meaning from NL sentences to produce reliable models. Complexities of language range from simple synonyms and antonyms to such complex issues as idioms, anaphoric relations or metaphors. Efforts in this particular area have had some success in generating static object models using some complex NL requirement sentences. 1.3.5.1. Linguistic analysis: Linguistic analysis studies NL text from different linguistic levels, i.e. words, sentence and meaning.[1] (i) Word-tagging analyses how a word is used in a sentence. In particular, words can be changeable from one sentence to another depending on context (e.g. light can be used as noun, verb, adjective and adverb; and while can be used as preposition, conjunction, verb and noun). Tagging techniques are used to specify word-form for each single word in a sentence, and each word is tagged as a Part Of Speech (POS), e.g. a NN1 tag would denote a singular noun, while VBB would signify the base form of a verb.[1] (ii) Syntactic analysis applies phrase marker, or labeled bracketing, techniques to segment NL as phrases, clauses and sentences, so that the NL is delineated by syntactical/grammatical annotations. Hence we can shows how words are grouped and connected to each other in a sentence.[1] (iii) Semantic analysis is the study of the meaning. It uses discourse annotation techniques to analyze open-class or content words and closed-class words (i.e. prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns). The POS tags and syntactic elements mentioned previously can be linked in the NL text to create relationships. Applying these linguistic analysis techniques, NLP tools can carry out morphological processing, syntactic processing and semantic processing. The processing of NL text can be supported by Semantic Network (SN) and corpora that provide a knowledge base for text analysis. The difficulty of OOA is not just due to the ambiguity and complexity of NL itself, but also the gap in meaning between the NL concepts and OO concepts.[1] 1.3.6. From NLP to UML Model Creation. After NLP the sentences are simplified in order to make identification of UML model elements form NL elements easy. Simple Heurists are used to Identify UML Model elements from Natural Text: (see Chapter 7) * Nouns indicate a class * Verb indicates an operation * Possessive relationships and Verbs like to have, identify, denote indicate attributes * Determiners are used to identify the multiplicity of roles in associations. 1.5. Plan of the thesis In Chapter 2 we present a brief survey of previous work and work similar to our work. Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 describe the theoretical basis for Auto Modeler. Chapter 8 Describes the Architecture of Auto Modeler. In Chapter 9 we describe Auto Modeler in action with a case study. In Chapter 10 we present conclusions. 2. Literature Survey The first relevant published technique attempting to produce a systematic procedure to produce design models from NL requirements was Abbot. Abbott (1983) proposes a linguistic based method for analyzing software requirements, expressed in English, to derive basic data types and operations. [1] This approach was further developed by Booch (1986). Booch describes an Object-Oriented Design method where nouns in the problem description suggest objects and classes of objects, and verbs suggest operations.[1] Saeki et al. (1987) describe a process of incrementally constructing software modules from object-oriented specifications obtained from informal natural language requirements. Their system analyses the informal requirements one sentence at a time. Nouns and verbs are automatically extracted from the informal requirements but the system cannot determine which words are relevant for the construction of the formal specification. Hence an important role is played by the human analyst who reviews and refines the system results manually after each sentence is processed.[1] Dunn and Orlowska (1990) describe a natural language interpreter for the construction of NIAM (Nijssens, or Natural-language, Information Analysis Method ) conceptual schemas. The construction of conceptual schemas involves allocating surface objects to entity types (semantic classes) and the identification of elementary fact types. The system accepts declarative sentences only and uses grammar rules and a dictionary for type allocation and the identification of elementary fact types.[1] Meziane (1994) implemented a system for the identification of VDM data types and simple operations from natural language software requirements. The system first generates an Entity-Relationship Model (ERM) from the input text and then generates VDM data types from the ERM.[1] Mich and Garigliano (1994) and Mich (1996) describe an NL-based prototype system, NL-OOPS, that is aimed at the generation of object-oriented analysis models from natural language specifications. This system demonstrated how a large scale NLP system called LOLITA can be used to support the OO analysis stage.[1] V. Ambriola and V. Gervasi.[4] have developed CIRCE an environment for the analysis of natural language requirements. It is based on the concept of successive transformations that are applied to the requirements, in order to obtain concrete (i.e., rendered) views of models extracted from the requirements. CIRCE uses, CICO a domain-based, fuzzy matching, parser which parses the requirements document and converts it into an abstract parse tree. This parse tree is encoded as tuples and stored in a shared repository by CICO. A group of related tuples constitutes a T-Model. CIRCE uses internal tools to refine the encoded tuples called extensional knowledge and the knowledge about the basic behavior of software systems called intentional knowledge derived from modelers to further enrich the Tuple space. When a specific concrete view on the requirements is desired, a projector is called to build an abstract view of the data from the tuple space. A translator then converts the abstract view to a concrete view. In [5] V. Ambriola and V. Gervasi describe their experience of automatic synthesis of UML diagrams from Natural Language Requirement Specifications using their CIRCE environment. Delisle et al., in their project DIPETT-HAIKU, capture candidate objects, linguistically differentiating between Subjects (S) and Objects (O), and processes, Verbs (V), using the syntactic S-V-O sentence structure. This work also suggests that candidate attributes can be found in the noun modifier in compound nouns, e.g. reserved is the value of an attribute of â€Å"reserved book†.[1] Harmain and Gaizauskas developed a NLP based CASE tool, CM-Builder [2][3], which, automatically constructs an initial class model from NL text. It captures candidate classes, rather than candidate objects. Bà ¶rstler constructs an object model automatically based on pre-specified key words in a use case description. The verbs in the key words are transformed to behaviors and nouns are transformed to objects.[1] Overmyer and Rambow developed NLP system to construct UML class diagrams from NL descriptions. Both these efforts require user interaction to identify OO concepts.[1] The prototype tool developed by Perez-Gonzalez and Kalita supports automatic OO modeling from NL problem descriptions into UML notations, and produces both static and dynamic views. The underlying methodology includes theta roles and semi-natural language.[1] 3. Software Requirements Engineering Software requirements engineering is the science and discipline concerned with establishing and documenting software requirements [6]. It consists of: * Software requirements elicitation:- The process through which the customers (buyers and/or users) and the developer (contractor) of a software system discover, review, articulate, and understand the users needs and the constraints on the software and the development activity. * Software requirements analysis:- The process of analyzing the customers and users needs to arrive at a definition of software requirements. * Software requirements specification:- The development of a document that clearly and precisely records each of the requirements of the software system. * Software requirements verification:- The process of ensuring that the software requirements specification is in compliance with the system requirements, conforms to document standards of the requirements phase, and is an adequate basis for the architectural (preliminary) design phase. * Software requirements management:- The planning and controlling of the requirements elicitation, specification, analysis, and verification activities. In turn, system requirements engineering is the science and discipline concerned with analyzing and documenting system requirements. It involves transforming an operational need into a system description, system performance parameters, and a system configuration This is accomplished through the use of an iterative process of analysis, design, trade-off studies, and prototyping. Software requirements engineering has a similar definition as the science and discipline concerned with analyzing and documenting software requirements. It involves partitioning system requirements into major subsystems and tasks, then allocating those subsystems or tasks to software. It also transforms allocated system requirements into a description of software requirements and performance parameters through the use of an iterative process of analysis, design, trade-off studies, and prototyping. A system can be considered a collection of hardware, software, data, people, facilities, and procedures organized to accomplish some common objectives. In software engineering, a system is a set of software programs that provide the cohesiveness and control of data that enables the system to solve the problem.[6] The major difference between system requirements engineering and software requirements engineering is that the origin of system requirements lies in user needs while the origin of software requirements lies in the system requirements and/or specifications. Therefore, the system requirements engineer works with users and customers, eliciting their needs, schedules, and available resources, and must produce documents understandable by them as well as by management, software requirements engineers, and other system requirements engineers. The software requirements engineer works with the system requirements documents and engineers, translating system documentation into software requirements which must be understandable by management and software designers as well as by software and system requirements engineers. Accurate and timely communication must be ensured all along this chain if the software designers are to begin with a valid set of requirements. [6] 4. Automated Software Engineering Tools Software engineering is concerned with the analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance of large software systems. Automated software engineering focuses on how to automate or partially automate these tasks to achieve significant improvements in quality and productivity. Automated software engineering applies computation to software engineering activities. The goal is to partially or fully automate these activities, thereby significantly increasing both quality and productivity. This includes the study of techniques for constructing, understanding, adapting and modeling both software artifacts and processes. Automatic and collaborative systems are both important areas of automated software engineering, as are computational models of human software engineering activities. Knowledge representations and artificial intelligence techniques applicable in this field are of particular interest, as are formal techniques that support or provide theoretical foundations.[7] Automated software engineering approaches have been applied in many areas of software engineering. These include requirements definition, specification, architecture, design and synthesis, implementation, modeling, testing and quality assurance, verification and validation, maintenance and evolution, configuration management, deployment, reengineering, reuse and visualization. Automated software engineering techniques have also been used in a wide range of domains and application areas including industrial software, embedded and real-time systems, aerospace, automotive and medical systems, Web-based systems and computer games.[7] Research into Automated Software Engineering includes the following areas: * Automated reasoning techniques * Component-based systems * Computer-supported cooperative work * Configuration management * Domain modeling and meta-modeling * Human-computer interaction * Knowledge acquisition and management * Maintenance and evolution * Model-based software development * Modeling language semantics * Ontologies and methodologies * Open systems development * Product line architectures * Program understanding * Program synthesis * Program transformation * Re-engineering * Requirements engineering * Specification languages * Software architecture and design * Software visualization * Testing, verification, and validation * Tutoring, help, and documentation systems 5. Natural Language Processing Natural language processing (NLP) is a subfield of artificial intelligence and linguistics. It studies the problems of automated generation and understanding of natural human languages. Natural language generation systems convert information from computer databases into normal-sounding human language, and natural language understanding systems convert samples of human language into more formal representations that are easier for computer programs to manipulate. 5.1. Language Processing Language processing can be divided into two tasks:[11] * Processing written text, using lexical, syntactic, and semantic knowledge of the language as well as any required real world information.[11] * Processing spoken language, using all the information needed above, plus additional knowledge about phonology as well as enough additional information to handle the further ambiguities that arise in speech.[11] 5.2. Uses for NLP: 5.2.1. User interfaces. Better than obscure command languages. It would be nice if you could just tell the computer what you want it to do. Of course we are talking about a textual interface not speech.[10] 5.2.2. Knowledge-Acquisition. Programs that could read books and manuals or the newspaper. So you dont have to explicitly encode all of the knowledge they need to solve problems or do whatever they do.[10] 5.2.3. Information Retrieval. Find articles about a given topic. Program has to be able somehow to determine whether the articles match a given query.[10] 5.2.4. Translation. It sure would be nice if machines could automatically translate from one language to another. This was one of the first tasks they tried applying computers to. It is very hard.[10] 5.3. Linguistic levels of Analysis Language obeys regularities and exhibits useful properties at a number of somewhat separable levels.[10] Think of language as transfer of information. It is much more than that. But that is a good place to start. Suppose that the speaker has some meaning that they wish to convey to some hearer.[10] Speech (or gesture) imposes a linearity on the signal. All you can play with is the properties of a sequence of tokens. Actually, why tokens? Well for one thing that makes it possible to learn.[10] So the other thing to play with is the order the tokens can occur. So somehow, a meaning gets encoded as a sequence of tokens, each of which has some set of distinguishable properties, and is then interpreted by figuring out what meaning corresponds to those tokens in that order.[10] Another way to think about it is that the properties of the tokens and their sequence somehow elicits an understanding of the meaning. Language is a set of resources to enable us to share meanings, but isnt best thought of as a means for *encoding* meanings. This is a sort of philosophical issue perhaps, but if this point of view is true, it makes much of the AI approach to NLP somewhat suspect, as it is really based on the encoded meanings view of language.[10] The lowest level is the actual properties of the signal stream: phonology speech sounds and how we make them morphology the structure of words syntax how the sequences are structured semantics meanings of the strings There are important interfaces among all of these levels. For example sometimes the meaning of sentences can determine how individual words are pronounced.[10] This many levels is obviously needed. But language turns out to be more clever than this. For example, language can be more efficient by not having to say the same thing twice, so we have pronouns and other ways of making use of what has already been said: A bear went into the woods. It found a tree. Also, since language is most often used among people who are in the same situation, it can make use of features of the situation: this/that you/me/they here/there now/then The mechanisms whereby features of the context, whether it is the context created by a sequence of sentences, or the actual context where the speaking happens is called pragmatics.[10] Another issue has to do with the fact that the simple model of language as information transfer is clealy not right. For one thing, we know there are at least the following three types of sentences: statements imperatives questions And each of them can be used to do a different kind of thing. The first *might* be called information transfer. But what about imperatives? What about questions? To some degree the analysis of such sentences can involve the ideas of a basic notion of meaning Speech acts.[10] There are other, higher-levels of structuring that language exhibits. For example there is conversational structure, where people know when they get to talk in a conversation, and what constitutes a valid contribution. There is narrative structure whereby stories are put together in ways that make sense and are interesting. There is expository structure which involves the way that informative texts (like encyclopedias) are arranged so as to usefully convey information. These issues blend off from linguistics into literature and library science, among other things.[10] Of course with hypertext and multi-media and virtual reality, these higher levels of structure are being explored in new ways.[10] 5.4. Steps in Natural Language Understanding The steps in the process of natural language understanding are:[11] 5.4.1. Morphological analysis Individual words are analyzed into their components, and non-word tokens (such as punctuation) are separated from the words. For example, in the phrase Bills house the proper noun Bill is separated from the possessive suffix s.[11] 5.4.2. Syntactic analysis. Linear sequences of words are transformed into structures that show how the words relate to one another. This parsing step converts the flat list of words of the sentence into a structure that defines the units represented by that list. Constraints imposed include word order (manager the key is an illegal constituent in the sentence I gave the manager the key); number agreement; case agreement.[11] 5.4.3. Semantic analysis. The structures created by the syntactic analyzer are assigned meanings. In most universes, the sentence Colorless green ideas sleep furiously [Chomsky, 1957] would be rejected as semantically anomalous. This step must map individual words into appropriate objects in the knowledge base, and must create the correct structures to correspond to the way the meanings of the individual words combine with each other. [11] 5.4.4. Discourse integration. The meaning of an individual sentence may depend on the sentences that precede it and may influence the sentences yet to come. The entities involved in the sentence must either have been introduced explicitly or they must be related to entities that were. The overall discourse must be coherent. [11] 5.4.5. Pragmatic analysis. The structure representing what was said is reinterpreted to determine what was actually meant. [11] 5.5. Syntactic Processing Syntactic parsing determines the structure of the sentence being analyzed. Syntactic analysis involves parsing the sentence to extract whatever information the word order contains. Syntactic parsing is computationally less expensive than semantic processing.[10] A grammar is a declarative representation that defines the syntactic facts of a language. The most common way to represent grammars is as a set of production rules, and the simplest structure for them to build is a parse tree which records the rules and how they are matched. [10] Sometimes backtracking is required (e.g., The horse raced past the barn fell), and sometimes multiple interpretations may exist for the beginning of a sentence (e.g., Have the students who missed the exam ). [10] Example: Syntactic processing interprets the difference between John hit Mary and Mary hit John. 5.6. Semantic Analysis After (or sometimes in conjunction with) syntactic processing, we must still produce a representation of the meaning of a sentence, based upon the meanings of the words in it. The following steps are usually taken to do this: [10] 5.6.1. Lexical processing. Look up the individual words in a dictionary. It may not be possible to choose a single correct meaning, since there may be more than one. The process of determining the correct meaning of individual words is called word sense disambiguation or lexical disambiguation. For example, Ill meet you at the diamond can be understood since at requires either a time or a location. This usually leads to preference semantics when it is not clear which definition we should prefer. [10] 5.6.2. Sentence-level processing. There are several approaches to sentence-level processing. These include semantic grammars, case grammars, and conceptual dependencies. [10] Example: Semantic processing determines the differences between such sentences as The ink is in the pen and The ink is in the pen. 5.6.3. Discourse and Pragmatic Processing. To understand most sentences, it is necessary to know the discourse and pragmatic context in which it was uttered. In general, for a program to participate intelligently in a dialog, it must be able to represent its own beliefs about the world, as well as the beliefs of others (and their beliefs about its beliefs, and so on).[10] The context of goals and plans can be used to aid understanding. Plan recognition has served as the basis for many understanding programs PAM is an early example. [10] 5.7. Issues in Syntax For various reasons, a lot of attention in computational linguistics has been paid to syntax. Partly this has to do with the fact that real linguistics have spent a lot of work on it. Partly because it needs to be done before just about anything else can be done. I wont talk much about morphology. We will assume that words can be associated with a set of features or properties. For example the word dog is a noun, it is singular, its meaning involves a kind of animal. The word dogs is related, obviously, but has the property of being plural. The word eat is a verb, it is in what we might call the base form, it denotes a particular kind of action. The word ate is related, it is in the past tense form. You can imagine Im sure that the techniques of knowledge representation that we have looked at can be applied to the problem of representing facts about the properties and relations among words. [11] The key observation in the theory of syntax is that the words in a sentence can be more or less naturally grouped into what are called phrases, and those phrases can often be treated as a unit. So in a sentence The dog chased the bear, the sequence the dog forms a natural unit. The sequence chased the bear is a natural unit, as is the bear.[11] Why do I say that the dog is a natural unit? Well one thing is that I can replace it by another sequence that has the same referent, or a related referent. For example I could replace it by: [11] Snoopy (a name) It (a pronoun) My brothers favorite pet (a more complex description) What about chased the bear? Again, I could replace it by died (a single word) was hit by a truck (a more complex event) This basic structure, in English, is sometimes called the subject-predicate structure. The subject is a nominal, something that can refer to an object or thing, the predicate is a verb phrase, which describes an action or event. Of course, as in the example, the verb phrase can also contain other constituents, for example another nominal. [11] These phrases also have structure. For example a noun phrase (a kind of nominal) can have a determiner, zero or more adjectives, and a noun, maybe followed by another phrase, like: the big dog that ate my homework Verb phrases can have complicated verb groups like will not be eaten Syntactic theories try to predict and explain what patterns are used in a language. Sometimes this involves figuring out what patterns just dont work. For example the following sentences have something wrong with them: [11] * the dogs runs home * he died the book * she saw himself in the mirror * they told it to she Figuring out exactly what is wrong with such sentences allows linguists to create theories that help understand the way that sentences