Prime Minister Essay Example for Free

Prime Minister Essay As he walked up the rickety stairs to the graveyard, his hand flaking the paint off the banister, listening to the thunderstorm overhead, Jake felt apprehensive. He was startled by the rustling of the autumn leaves in the bitter wind and the dancing of their shadows cast by the orange street light. He had left his friends house in a good mood but that was long gone as he sensed the peril that he was in. It was back. A creature had been following him on or off for weeks now and Jake could hear the sound of two extra footsteps a few metres behind him. He turned around but, as always, there was no one there. He knew he was not imagining it, but he didnt want to tell his family or friends as they would just laugh at him. While turning round once more he and thought he caught a glimpse of something, too big for a dog but too small for a human. He broke into a run and knew that his follower had done the same. He looked round and saw that his assailant was now making no effort to hide. The ground was being eaten up by this monster like creature that was pursuing him and he knew there was no hope. His screams for help filled the air but it was too late for there to be anyone out to hear him. He looked around for any means of protection and saw a stake with a note about the up-and-coming Easter egg hunt in the graveyard. Wrenching the stake from the ground, he turned to face his attacker; seeing how close the monster was too late. The creature was right at the end of the stake and as he collided with it, the stake went straight through his right shoulder. As Jake looked down at the victim that was now pinned to the ground by the stake he saw its coal-black cape, its milky-white fangs and his blond hair and blue eyes in the reflection off its pale white eyes. He started to run, as what he saw was a creature that he had thought only appeared in nightmares. It was a vampire! Â  As the sweat ran down his wrinkled face, the Prime Minister struggled to answer the last question concerning the rising number of murders in populated towns and cities. He knew that this new problem was going to be hard to solve and could cost him his job but he would do his best. He left the interview in a hurry, trying to get away from all the questions. As he finally got out the door, ignoring the crowd of reporters with their cameras flashing at him, his personal assistant rushed to his side and told him that he had urgent news from the Minister of Defence. He walked, wearily, but briskly, to his office and picked up the phone to his colleague. Prime Minister, I have urgent news regarding our current problem, he explained with a tone of graveness in his voice, We have video evidence of one of the creatures that are committing these assaults. Creatures? the Prime Minister asked, wondering if his colleague had made a mistake. Yes. We appear to have the first ever sighting of vampires in the world. I think we should try to get hold of one of them to question it. Yes, of course, please keep me informed of any more news that comes in, the Prime Minister stuttered incredulously, his face turning white at the thought of vampires on the loose. He knew that whatever it was that had to be done had to be done quickly, or else the whole population was in danger. The Minister of Defence had had a hard day. His phone had been ringing all day with enquiries from police stations all over the country. He was glad that he had finally found out the nature of the problem that the nation was facing. He knew that the Prime Minister was under extreme pressure but he was seriously losing faith in his ability to cope with this crisis. He was looking older every day, his good looks gone and his famous, lush brown hair was now grey and clearly thinning. The stress of his job was taking its toll and some of his recent decisions had been so questionable that the Press was having a field day. He knew that his doubts were shared, not only by the members of the Cabinet but by a large section of the population. As the phone started ringing once more, he cursed and picked it up knowing that it would be from another Police Officer in some part of the country asking for advice on what to do with another victim of an assault. That is why he was surprised by what was said.

Push and Pull Strategy Essay Example for Free

Push and Pull Strategy Essay Push Strategy A â€Å"push† promotional strategy makes use of a companys sales force and trade promotion activities to create consumer demand for a product. The producer promotes the product to wholesalers, the wholesalers promote it to retailers, and the retailers promote it to consumers. A good example of push selling is mobile phones, where the major handset manufacturers such as Nokia promote their products via retailers such as Carphone Warehouse. Personal selling and trade promotions are often the most effective promotional tools for companies such as Nokia for example offering subsidies on the handsets to encourage retailers to sell higher volumes. A push strategy tries to sell directly to the consumer, bypassing other distribution channels (e.g. selling insurance or holidays directly). With this type of strategy, consumer promotions and advertising are the most likely promotional tools. Pull Strategy A â€Å"pull† selling strategy is one that requires high spending on advertising and consumer promotion to build up consumer demand for a product. If the strategy is successful, consumers will ask their retailers for the product, the retailers will ask the wholesalers, and the wholesalers will ask the producers. A good example of a pull is the heavy advertising and promotion of childrens’ toys – mainly on television. Consider the recent BBC promotional campaign for its new pre-school program – the Fimbles. Aimed at two to four-year-olds, 130 episodes of Fimbles have been made and are featured everyday on digital childrens channel CBeebies and BBC2. As part of the promotional campaign, the BBC has agreed a deal with toy maker Fisher-Price to market products based on the show, which it hopes will emulate the popularity of the Tweenies. Under the terms of the deal, Fisher-Price will develop, manufacture and distribute a range of Fimbles products including soft, plastic and electronic learning toys for the UK and Ireland. In 2001, BBC Worldwide (the commercial division of the BBC) achieved sales of  £90m from its childrens brands and properties last year. The demand created from broadcasting of the Fimbles and a major advertising campaign is likely to â€Å"pull† demand from children and encourage retailers to stock Fimbles toys in the stores for Christmas 2002. Difference Between Push And Pull Strategy Push marketing is when you use various activities to get your message in front of your ideal client. The marketer is in control of what the message is, how it is seen, when and where. Marketing activities that encourage your prospect to seek you out and find out whether you have something of value to offer them. Pull marketing activities build relationships and can include blogging, podcasting, article marketing and networking (both on and offline). Pull marketing uses the law of attraction, incorporating all the components of your personal brand to attract and retain these people as your biggest fans. Pull marketing is where you develop advertising and promotional strategies that are meant to entice the prospect to buy your product or service. Some classic examples are â€Å"half off!† or â€Å"bring in this coupon to save 25%† or â€Å"buy one get one free†, etc. With pull marketing, you are trying to create a sense of increased, time limited value so that the customer will come into your store to buy. Pull is not about pulling consumers in; it’s about giving consumers a reason to pull us in. Remember truism #1 – they’re in control; they (not we) decide where they go and what they experience. We’ve lost the right to pull consumers anywhere (if we ever really had that right at all.) Pull means that we to go to them, join their communities, give them reasons to voluntarily draw us into their personal media experiences. We’re not interrupting them. They’re opting into us.

Problem Statement And Methodology Engineering Essay

Problem Statement And Methodology Engineering Essay Refrigeration or Cooling may be defined as the process of removing heat. This process may be accomplished by using one of the refrigeration systems; vapor compression, absorption or thermoelectric refrigeration systems. The first two systems need high and low pressure sides of a working fluid to complete the refrigeration cycle. The thermoelectric refrigeration system, however, uses electrons rather than refrigerant as a heat carrier. (Davis, 2005) Thermoelectric coolers are greatly needed, particularly for the developing countries situation where long life and low maintenance are needed. In this aspect, thermoelectrics cannot be challenged, in spite of the fact that their coefficient performance is not as high as for a vapor compression cycle. Thermoelectric refrigerators have the advantages of being small, lightweight, rugged, reliable, and insensitive to orientation, noiseless, portable and low cost in mass production. (Davis, 2005) Thermoelectric cooler has been widely used in military, aerospace, instrument, and industrial or commercial products, as a cooling device for specific purposes. This technology has existed for about 40 years. (Riffat, 2000) Many researchers are concerned about the physical properties of the thermoelectric material and the manufacturing technique of thermoelectric modules. In addition to the improvement of the thermoelectric material and module, the system analysis of a thermoelectric refrigerator is equally important in designing a high-performance thermoelectric refrigerator. (Huang, 2000) The heat flux generated in the processor chip is rising day by day at a very fast rate with development because of reduction in CPU sizes and large amount of heat load generated at the chip. Consequently, it is becoming a challenging task for researchers to handle such enormous amounts of heat fluxes. Moores had proved that number of transistors on a integrated circuit is increasing exponentially year after year .So heat load in the CPU also increases at the same rate with the increase in the speed moreover the size of the chip today which we normally talk about is of the order of mm which is in turn making problem more complicated. The high heat generation inside the CPU may result in slowing down the computation speed, failure of the processor chip, gate oxide breakdown, effect on screen resolution and many more electrical failures as well as mechanical failures (Davis, 2005) Presently in CPU very complicated designs of air cooled heat sinks are used which dissipates heat to the surroundings by flowing large volumes of air. These heat sinks have two major shortcomings. Due to space constrains air should be thrown at very high velocities and to maintain such velocities big size fan has to be used. Also, the air flowing at high velocities creates a lot of noise. Moreover, in air cooled units there is no active cooling device so we cant go below the ambient temperature. As a result working at high speeds in the hot ambient conditions had become extremely difficult. Chip cooling is one of the bottlenecks in the high density electronics. There is need of some better cooling techniques for the same. So, now a day researchers are working a lot on liquid cooled systems, because they have nearly 10 times (Davis, 2005) the heat transfer coefficient than that of air cooled ones. In water based liquid cooling systems, the heat is pumped to water block by some cooling device from which water takes away the heat to finally throw it in the surroundings . The most commonly used device to pump heat to water block in such system is TEC (Thermoelectric coolers). TEC consumes their own power and cool down the chip by extracting the heat from it and transferring it to the water block. Water runs inside the channel in the water block and takes away the heat from it. The hot water is further cooled in the condenser. With the help of Thermoelectric water cooling system the chip temperature can be easily made to go below ambient temperature which is not possible by the existing systems, and thus the CPU can be made to operate at high speeds and higher loads in even hot ambient conditions. Thus TEC have potential opportunities for chip cooling and can prove very effective if a proper system is developed for the same. 1.2 Problem statement Chip cooling is one of the bottlenecks in high density electronics. An enormous amount of heat flux is generated by the modern processor chip. Nowadays many complicated designs of air cooled heat sinks are used, but off late the heat fluxes have attained such a level that to handle them very large volume flow rate of air is required. So due to space constraint, in order to achieve large flow rates, air should be blown at very high velocities which in turn result in increased levels of noise. Another major disadvantage of air cooling is that we cant go below ambient temperature and as a consequence, tendency of chip failure in the computers working in ambient condition of about 35 °C 45 °C increases a lot. For all these reasons it has become apparent that the heat fluxes have reached such a level that air cooling cant handle them efficiently. Thus the present scenario necessitates the use of active cooling devices. Thermoelectric coolers having the ability to cool below ambient and having advantage of being compact, light weight, free of moving parts and precise temperature control have high potentials for chip cooling. It is known that the temperature of the thermoelectric module is the main criterion for its reliability and performance. The temperature rise of the hot side above ambient is dependent on the thermal resistance of the path that the heat sink. Reducing the thermal resistance of the heat sink contributes to the reduction of the thermal resistance of the path and hence an increase in the performance. So a liquid heat exchanger with spiral flow passage having dimples is used. Dimples result in effective heat transfer by creating turbulence and thus enhancing the performance of the system. 1.3 Research Objectives Understanding the basics of Thermoelectric coolers, working of Thermoelectric Cooling Systems and parameters that governs the performance of such systems Design, fabrication and development of an efficient thermoelectric cooling system for computer chips Carrying out experimentation and analysis of the performance of the developed system 1.4 Methodology 1.5 Work Plan These are some of the important tasks that would be performed during this research Understanding the basic concepts of thermoelectric cooling Study of the existing CPU cooling techniques Literature review regarding the topic and study about the effect due dimples along the flow of water Deciding the various parameters for which system has to be designed Deciding about the thermoelectric module which will produce the desired cooling effect Design of the experimental set up and identification of the various equipments to be required Market survey for all the required equipments Procurement of the equipments Design and fabrication of the dimpled water block Design and fabrication of the heat exchanger Preparation of the experimental set up Carrying out experiments and obtaining the results Analysis of results Checking out the performance of the thermoelectric module used Comparison of the designed water block with some commercially existing water block Discussions and conclusion Report writing 1.6 Expected Outcomes An understanding of the application of thermoelectric cooling systems would be developed. Important advantages of the thermoelectric cooling systems in current scenario of high density electronics would be presented. The complete thermoelectric cooling unit for CPU chip would be designed, fabricated and tested for the desired loads Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 The History of Thermoelectrics In 1821, Thomas Seebeck discovered that a continuously flowing current is created when two wires of different materials are joined together and heated at one end. This idea is known as the Seebeck Effect (Figure 1.1). The Seebeck effect has two main applications including temperature measurement and power generation. (Global Techno Scan, nd) Figure 1.1 Seebeck Effect S= dV / dT; S is the Seebeck Coefficient with units of Volts/K S is positive when the direction of electric current is same as the direction of thermal current In 1834, a French watchmaker and part time physicist, Jean Peltier found that an electrical current would produce a temperature gradient at the junction of two dissimilar metals. This effect is known as the Peltier Effect. This idea forms the basis for the thermoelectric refrigerator (Global Techno Scan, nd) Figure 1.2 Negative Peltier effect a) For à Ã… ¸ When current is allowed to pass through n-type semiconductor shown in above circuit, high energy electrons move from right to left resulting in cooling of far end. Thermal current and electric current flow in opposite directions (Global Techno Scan, nd) Figure 1.3 Positive Peltier effect b) For à Ã… ¸ >0; Positive Peltier coefficient When current is allowed to pass through p-type semiconductor shown in above circuit, high energy holes move from left to right resulting in heating of far end. Thermal current and electric current flow in same direction (Global Techno Scan, nd) q=à Ã… ¸*j, where q is thermal current density (Heat flux) and j is electrical current density. Also, à Ã… ¸= S*T (Volts) Peltier coefficient Where, T is the Absolute Temperature Scottish scientist William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) discovered in 1854 that if a temperature difference exists between any two points of a current carrying conductor, heat is either evolved or absorbed depending upon the material. If such a circuit absorbs heat, then heat may be evolved if the direction of the current or of the temperature gradient is reversed. 2.2 Thermoelectric Refrigeration A thermoelectric device is one that operates on a circuit that incorporates both thermal and electrical effects to convert heat energy into electrical energy or electrical energy to a temperature gradient. Thermoelectric elements perform the same cooling function as Freon -based vapor compression or absorption refrigerators. Energy is taken from a region thereby reducing its temperature. The energy is than rejected to a heat sink region with a higher temperature. Thermoelectric elements are in a totally solid state, while vapor cycle devices have moving mechanical parts that require a working fluid (Tellurex, nd) Thermoelectric modules are small, sturdy, quiet heat pumps operated by a DC power source. They usually last about 200,000 hours in heating mode or about 20 years if left on cooling mode. When power is supplied, the surface where heat energy is absorbed becomes cold; the opposite surface where heat energy is released becomes hot. If the polarity of current flow through the module is reversed, the cold side will become the hot side and vice-versa. Thermoelectric modules can also be used as thermocouples for temperature measurement or as generators to supply power to spacecrafts and electrical equipment. (Tellurex, nd) Thermoelectric devices can also be used as refrigerators on the bases of the Peltier effect. To create a thermoelectric refrigerator, heat is absorbed from a refrigerated space and than rejected to a warmer environment. The difference between these two quantities is the net electrical work that needs to be supplied. These refrigerators are not overly popular because they have a low coefficient of performance. The coefficient of performance for thermoelectric refrigerators can be calculated by dividing the cooling effect by the work input. (Tellurex, nd) 2.3 Semiconductors The semiconductor materials are N and P type, and are so named because either they have more electrons than necessary to complete a perfect molecular lattice structure (N-type) or not enough electrons to complete a lattice structure (P-type). The extra electrons in the N-type material and the holes left in the P-type material are called carriers and they are the agents that move the heat energy from the cold to the hot junction. Heat absorbed at the cold junction is pumped to the hot junction at a rate proportional to carrier current passing through the circuit and the number of couples. Good thermoelectric semiconductor materials such as bismuth telluride greatly impede conventional heat conduction from hot to cold areas, yet provide an easy flow for the carriers. In addition, these materials have carriers with a capacity for transferring more heat. Since semiconductors were found to have large Seebeck coefficients, good electrical conductivities, and poor thermal conductivities, on e has made a breakthrough in the use of the Peltier-effect in thermoelectric devices to produce refrigeration. Currently, thermoelectric refrigerators, made of semiconductor, materials, have many interesting applications because of their small size, simplicity, quietness and reliability. 2.4 Basic Working Principle of Thermoelectric Coolers Thermoelectric coolers are semiconductor devices which works on the principle of Peltier effect (Haung, 2005) i.e. when a current is passed between the junctions of two dissimilar materials then a temperature difference is created between the two junctions. In thermoelectric coolers we have a P type and an N type semiconductor connected together when we pass the current, at the cold junction electrons travel from P side to N side as P type being at lower energy level and N type at higher energy level. So when electron travels it absorbs energy at the cold side. Similarly at the hot side electron travels from N side to P side thereby releasing the energy. And in this way a temperature gradient is established between hot side and cold side (Haung, 2005) 2.5 Advantages of Thermoelectric Coolers Thermoelectric coolers have some unique advantages over other cooling systems. The various advantages are (Chien, 2004) Ideal for localized cooling due to small size Highly controllable cooling power Convenient power supply Precise temperature control Sub-ambient cooling capacity Spot cooling Compact, Quite, and free of moving parts Low maintenance 2.6 A typical thermoelectric cooling system: Fig. 1 shows working of a thermoelectric system. The heating and cooling functions of the thermoelectric system can be interchanged by reversing the polarity of the direct current applied to it. Capacity control in a thermoelectric system can be achieved by varying the voltage applied to the couples either by a variable voltage control or by switching series and parallel circuits. As the voltage drops, the temperature difference between the hot and cold side is reduced. (Chien, 2004) On the cold side of the module we have the heat source from which heat is to be removed and on the hot side we have a heat sink which finally throws the heat into the ambient. Design of the heat sink is an important parameter for improving the performance of the thermoelectric module. For many applications, the advantages of TEC outweigh its main disadvantage of low coefficient of performance. (Chien, 2004) Figure 2.1 Thermoelectric cooler (Chien, 2004) 2.7 Thermal Parameters Governing Performance of TEC The selection of a thermoelectric for a particular application is mainly dependent on the three important parameters. These are temperature of the hot surface (Th), the temperature of the cold surface (Tc) and the amount of heat to be extracted at the cold side of the module (Qc) (Haung, 2005). The heat sink is attached at the hot side of the module where the heat gets released when the DC power is applied to the module. The hot side temperature of the module while using a air cooled heat sink whether natural or forced convection, can be found out using below equations (Haung, 2005) Th = Tamb + Rth(Qh) (1.1) Qh = Qc + Qp (1.2) The temperatures rise above ambient, of the hot side, takes place because of the thermal resistance of the heat. If we know the thermal resistance of the heat sink then the general estimates of the rise in temperature above ambient are as stated below: (Haung, 2005) 20 °C to 40 °C in case of Natural Convection 10 °C to 15 °C in case of Forced Convection 2 °C to 5 °C in case of Liquid Cooling (In this case is the rise above the liquid coolant temperature) The performance coefficient for a thermoelectric cooling system can be calculated with the help of the following equation: 2.8 Application of thermoelectric cooling TEC (Thermoelectric Cooler) is different from conventional compression refrigeration; there are no moving parts. Since there are no moving parts, there is nothing to wear out and nothing is generating noise. There is no refrigerant to contain so the problem of handling a two-phase change over is simplified. Pressure tight tubing is replaced by electrical wiring. There is no ozone layer hazard (Melcor, nd). Thermoelectric coolers offer the potential to enhance the cooling of electronic module packages to reduce chip operating temperatures or to allow higher module powers. Thermoelectric coolers also offer the advantages of being compact, reliable, and their degree of cooling may be controlled by the current supplied. Unfortunately, compared to vapor-compression refrigeration, they are limited in the heat flux that they can accommodate and exhibit a lower coefficient of performance (COP). These two limitations have generally limited thermoelectrics to niche. The thermoelectric coolers are used in the electronics of the cruise missile, critical equipment on aircraft, critical camera components in a pod aircraft navigation system and many military applications. Thermoelectric coolers provide compact heat exchangers that are not attitude-sensitive and do not contain excessive tubing and fittings that can be susceptible to vibration 2.9 Previous Work done at International level Till today air coolers are meeting the needs of CPU cooling, with the increased size of heat sinks and an increase in fan speed. The typical resistance of air coolers with high fan speeds is 0.2 °C/W (Bar Cohen, 2000). But with further increase in the heat flux, air cooling techniques seems to be diminishing because of the limitations already mentioned. The next best solution to the problem is the use of liquid cooling techniques as the liquids have relatively very high convective heat transfer coefficients then air and thus minimizing the thermal resistance. The liquid cooling systems involves water block for efficient heat transfer to the liquid. Experiments have been carried out by mounting water blocks directly over the CPU chip and they have shown to be very efficient then the air cooled techniques. With the use of direct water-cooling techniques the chip temperature can be kept at 30 °C for an ambient condition of 25 °C with a CPU load of 60W whereas with air cooling it goes to 45 °C (Bar Cohen, 2000). But with the development of thermoelectric coolers it had made possible to take the chip temperature even below ambient. Thermoelectric Coolers have unique advantages over other cooling devices Chein and Huang (2004) studied usage of thermoelectric cooler for electronic cooling. The cooling capacity, junction temperature, coefficient of performance (COP) of TEC and the required heat sink resistance at the hot side were computed. They found that the cooling capacity could be increased as Tc is increased and ΆT is reduced. The maximum cooling capacity and chip junction temperature obtained were 207 W and 88 °C, respectively. The required heat sink resistance on TEC hot side was found to be .054 °C/W. A micro channel heat sink ( with size of 55mm x 55mm with channel width of 0.3 mm) using water or air as coolant was also demonstrated to meet the low thermal heat sink resistance requirement for TEC operated at maximum cooling capacity conditions. Huang et al in 2005 studied the distribution of temperature for a thermoelectric cooler under the effects of Joule heating, Fourier Heat conduction, Thomson effect and convection and radiation heat transfer. They tried to enalyze and explore some of the important things like Thomson effects influence on the distribution of temperature, on the amount of heat that flows back to the cold side, the maximum temperature difference attained and the maximum amount of heat extracted etc. They finally concluded that other than improving the thermoelectric materials for increasing the cooling efficiency of the module the other possible way is to take the advantage of Thomson effect this also helps in improving the cooling efficiency. Researches are already going on for incorporating thermoelectric water cooling systems for the CPU. The key factor in using such kind of systems is to have highly efficient water blocks with low thermal resistances and to have thermoelectric modules with proper Qmax. Many complicated water block design exist in the present market. The typical thermal resistances of the water blocks used presently for such systems are 0.08 °C/W (Bar Cohen, 2000).

eBay’s Globalization Strategy Essays -- Business Management Studies

eBay’s Globalization Strategy eBay was founded by Pierre Omidyar and Jeff Skoll in May 1996. Their headquarters were in San Jose, California in the midst of the dot-com era. The company idea initially began as â€Å"Auction Web, which Omidyar launched in September 1995. The idea was to develop an open market place that was available for all members of the community to discuss, compare, and trade computer items as well as collectibles. The idea took off, reaching thousands of registered users in just a few years. By January 1997, AuctionWeb could not handle the large load of page views – bandwidth. Omidyar solved this problem by writing the code for a new system: ebay (Echo Bay Technologies). In September 1997, AuctionWeb was shut down and the eBay platform was opened. The ebay company vision: â€Å"To create the world’s largest global trading community and to help people trade practically anything on earth.† eBay had 2.4 M visitors in 8/98, quadrupling in size to 8.4 M visitors in 4/01. Listings on their site began at 500 in 1998 and grew to just under 5 M in 2001. What started out as an auction site for computer and collectible items matured to include toys, pottery, automobiles, furniture, to movies, etc. Omidyar and Skoll achieved their, â€Å"trade anything† goal much sooner than expected. In 1998, eBay went public. Given the sufficient number of funds received from the IPO, eBay launched strategic initiatives aimed at six specific objectives. 1) Grow the eBay community and strengthen the brand (attract and maintain vitality) 2) Broaden the company’s trading platform by growing existing product categories, promoting new product categories, and offering services for specific regions 3) Fost... ...ever, the 2004 estimates are more closely aligned with 2003 Actuals. This suggests that population growth was not as high as expected. Therefore, our projections took that into consideration and usage expectations were decreased. [7] --------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] Strategic Management Concepts and Cases, Thompson and Strickland, 12th Edition, P. C-263 [2] Strategic Marketing Problems, Kerin and Peterson, 10th Edition, P. 97 [3] Strategic Marketing Problems, Kerin and Peterson, 10th Edition, P. 89 [4] Strategic Marketing Problems, Kerin and Peterson, 10th Edition, P. 96 [5] Strategic Marketing Problems, Kerin and Peterson, 10th Edition, P. 103 [6] Strategic Marketing Problems, Kerin and Peterson, 10th Edition, P. 101 [7] Population Reference Bureau, http://www.prb.org/

American Indian Movement: Activism and Repression Essay -- Indian Nati

American Indian Movement: Activism and Repression   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Native Americans have felt distress from societal and governmental interactions for hundreds of years. American Indian protests against these pressures date back to the colonial period. Broken treaties, removal policies, acculturation, and assimilation have scarred the indigenous societies of the United States. These policies and the continued oppression of the native communities produced an atmosphere of heightened tension. Governmental pressure for assimilation and their apparent aim to destroy cultures, communities, and identities through policies gave the native people a reason to fight. The unanticipated consequence was the subsequent creation of a pan-American Indian identity of the 1960s. These factors combined with poverty, racism, and prolonged discrimination fueled a resentment that had been present in Indian communities for many years. In 1968, the formation of the American Indian Movement took place to tackle the situation and position of Native Americ ans in society. This movement gave way to a series of radical protests, which were designed to draw awareness to the concerns of American Indians and to compel the federal government to act on their behalf. The movement’s major events were the occupation of Alcatraz, Mount Rushmore, The Trail of Broken Treaties, and Wounded Knee II. These AIM efforts in the 1960s and 1970s era of protest contained many sociological theories that helped and hindered the Native Americans success. The Governments continued repression of the Native Americans assisted in the more radicalized approach of the American Indian Movement. Radical tactics combined with media attention stained the AIM and their effectiveness. Native militancy became a repertoire of action along with adopted strategies from the Civil Rights Movement. In this essay, I will explain the formation of AIM and their major events, while revealing that this identity based social movement’s radical approach led to a harsher governmentally repressive counter movement that ultimately influenced the movements decline.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The growing pan-Indian activism that was becoming increasingly strong in regions of the United States helped develop the American Indian Movement. Educated young urban Indians were becoming involved in rights issues and insisted on self-determination in the 1960s era of prote... ...erican Indian Movement during the 1970s.† American Indian Culture and Research Journal 18.4 (1994): 242-64. Della Porta, Donatella, and Mario Diani. Social Movements: An Introduction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 1999. Johnson, Troy R. The Occupation of Alcatraz Island: Indian Self-Determination and the Rise of Indian Activism. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 1996. Johnson, Troy, Joane Nagel, and Duane Champagne. American Indian Activism: Alcatraz to the Longest Walk. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 1997. Means, Russell, and Marvin J. Wolf. Where White Men Fear To Tread.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New York: St. Martin’s Press. 1995. PBS. Alcatraz is Not an Island: Timeline of Indian Activism. PBS Online. 1 Dec. 2004 . Sanchez, John and Mary E. Stuckey. â€Å"The rhetoric of American Indian activism in the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1960s and 1970s.† Communication Quarterly 48.2 (2000): 1-9. Smith, Paul Chaat, and Robert Allen Warrior. Like a Hurricane: The Indian Movement from Alcatraz to Wounded Knee. New York: W.W. Norton. 1996. Vine, Deloria. Behind the Trail of Broken Treaties: An Indian Declaration of Independence. Austin: University of Texas Press. 1985.

Mary Leakey :: essays research papers

Though technically defined as an archaeologist, Mary chose to follow a route of interesting research relating to physical anthropology. She is known mostly for the excavation of a two million-year-old fossilized human skull in 1959. She has also worked to help the world understand that the evolution of humans follows a principle rather than a theory. The name Leakey is synonymous in most people's minds with the successive dramatic discoveries of fossilized hominid bones and stone artifacts that have, over the years, pushed the origins of true man further and further back in prehistory. Less flamboyant than her husband, Louis S. B. Leakey, or her son Richard Leakey, Mary Leakey was the "unsung hero,† of the clan for years, even though she was, in fact, responsible for many of the spectacular Leakey finds, including the nearly complete skull of Zinjanthropus, which was at first thought to be the missing human evolutionary link. Mrs. Leakey finally received a measure of long-overdue public recognition with her discovery, in 1978, of 3.5-million-year-old fossilized hominid footprints at Laetoli in Tanzania, proving beyond a doubt that the australopithecines had walked upright. On July 17, 1959 Mary Leakey made her second major discovery. Accompanied only by her two Dalmatians, Mary Leakey set off to investigate the oldest layer at the site. As she surveyed the exposure with her practiced eye, a scrap of bone protruding from the ground caught her attention. Gently brushing aside some of the deposit, she saw two large hominid teeth in place in an upper jaw. Mrs. Leakey raced back to camp shouting, "I've got him! I've got him!" Using camel's-hair brushes and dental picks, the Leakeys gingerly uncovered a full palate and set of teeth; by sifting through tons of eroded scree, they eventually found about 400 bone fragments, which when pieced together formed an almost complete hominid skull, later dated at 1.75 million years, of the genus Zinjanthropus. Over the next few months, Mary Leakey found other hominid bones and 164 stone tools of twelve different types, including choppers, scrapers, anvils, and hammerstones. As luck would have it, a camera crew for the British television series On Safari arrived on the scene the day after Mary Leakey's momentous find, and thus it was that "Zinj" came to international public attention. For the Leakeys, it meant worldwide recognition. Fame brought controversy, too, and it was not long before Louis Leakey's bold assertion that "Zinj" was the so-called "missing link" between the primitive ape-men and Homo sapiens was proved to be incorrect.

Juan sumulong thesis

On the intent of social relationships, how can someone be significant to another person? Significance is defined as the quality of being important and having notable worth or influence, (Merriam-Webster Incorporated, 2014). It Is Interaction between different levels of power: between formal and Informal, the private and the state, the centre and locates, (Valve, 1995). How is significance related to history? These two words, though different in meaning go on along together very well for someone who is significant will be written in history.His significance might be positive or negative but he posted such a huge impact into the development of his locality, he will definitely be written. Jose Racial, Andrea Boniface, Emilio Gondola, Emilio Action, Melcher Aquinas etc. , one can easily recognize these names for they have served as the pillars of the independence we are enjoying right now. These people have touched thousands of lives and created such a huge impact not only because of the ir personalities, but on the qualities they have shown that made them a leader on their own localities.To be a man is one thing, to be a great man is another. In Antipodal City, one might have taken a bumpy ride on the Assuming Highway, taken stroll at Assuming park and seen the golden monument of a man that mistakenly dubbed as â€Å"Jose Racial† by passersby, finished basic education in Juan Assuming Elementary School and acquired secondary education in Assuming Memorial Circle. Assuming. Antipodeans seemed to be very fond of this name. If one will be asked, he would point out the golden statue at the plaza but moreover that no one can recognize this great man. Most of them seemed to take him for granted.According to Nick Joaquin, the identity of the Filipino today is of a person asking what his identity is. One may reflect the same on the situation of Antipodal City. On the advent of modernization internet, social sites, virtual world, one can possibly forget who he is and neglect the heritage of the past bestowed upon him. That was the problem the researchers felt the need to address, the researchers believe that history could be the answer. History has played a major part on the development of a nation. Great leaders are written in history not only to broadcast what he has done, but to serve as an inspiration to every person.Inspiration is what most of Filipinos needs in these days especially the youth, the hope of this land. The long quest of young Antipodeans for their identity is over, Juan Assuming y Marquee, the favorite son of Antipodal, a statesman who is always ahead of his time. 1 Objective of the Study In every study being conducted there are objectives that need to be satisfied. Researchers' main goal upon conducting the study is to commemorate such great image of a public servant in these times that our country is dwelling to problems.Bringing back the nobility and patriotism, Don Juan Assuming expressed during his time to remind the pe ople that Antipodal has produced one of the best political innovator. The researchers also believe that this could be an eye opener for all public servants on how important their role is in shaping the community and promoting common good. Of the picture, it is how Antipodeans preserve and take care of these inheritance to realize that no matter where they go, Antipodal is always their one and only home and that nothing could take that away from them. Statement of the Problem The following stated problems are what the researchers intended to seek in order to create a fully established study: 1 Who is Don Juan Assuming? 1 How is he related to Antipodal City? What are the characteristics that made him a distinguished as a local hero of Antipodeans? 1 How did he expressed his deep love for the nation? 2 What makes him noble? 3 What makes him charismatic? 3 How lasting his influences are? 1 In the family? 2 On the National Politics? 4 What were his contributions? 1 On the founding of Rac ial Province? 2 Enduring Legacy? 5 Is the local government doing efforts to commemorate his nobility? . 3 Significance of the Study Generations through generations, cultures being passed on, the faith on the Virgin of Antipodal never dies. Today, Antipodal City is known by the best thing it could offer at eight: the city lights view, but before all the fascinations the city has been offering, people sometimes forget the real people who first loved and was really devoted on making Antipodal to live in. Here are identified lists of the people who will benefit in this study: The Filipinos, who are enjoying the benefits of democracy, this study serves to remind them to exercise their rights habitually.For lots of people who sacrificed their lives to attain what they have right now, one of them is Don Juan Assuming. The National Historical Commission, being the core historical body of the nation. May this study convince them to exert extensive efforts on preserving the past. And to addre ss to them the felt need to improve the dissemination of information of history to each and every Filipino citizen. The Antipodeans, for them to realize that one of their fellow statesmen expressed his patriotism to the nation and to Racial Province. And for them to take good care of this inheritance of a perfect symbol for political values.The Local Government of Antipodal City, this study should serve as stimulation for them to formulate programs to educate the people about the significance of Don Juan Assuming and use him as inspiration to honestly serve the city of Antipodal. The to appreciate Antipodal as much as Don Assuming loved his town and the locals. The Assuming Family, who is synonymous to the culture of excellence, achievement, integrity and service; a name trusted and tested of time. This study is to thank them for opening to the researchers a large chapter in their lives, Don Juan Assuming.May this study further inspire their unending desire to help others. The Juan Assuming Elementary School, an educational institution that has been a potent instrument in having the dreams of thousands of Antipodeans, may this study serve as their inspiration to produce more competitive students for they are carrying out such name of integrity. The Assuming Memorial High School, for the educators of the institution to realize that they are agents of change and may this study guide them to follow the values Don Assuming such as vivid display of nationalism and genuine service of the nation.Don Juan Marquee Assuming, whose story is worth telling, this study is to uncover and explore more of his efforts to sincerely serve the Racial Province and the people. In this way the researchers would like to express their deepest gratitude in being one of the finest public servants who truly served the nation according to his principle and ideals, a true gem of Antipodal City. 4 Scope and Limitation This study entitled Undying Nobility: A Narrative Analysis on the Signific ance of Don Juan Assuming to Antipodeans, concerns itself about on the contributions of Don Juan Assuming to the development of Antipodal City today.This study is in a narrative style for it only tells and explains his legacy and the effect he has to Antipodeans especially the young minds. First is to know Juan Assuming better; a brief overview on who he is, second; are his characteristics that make him a significant historical figure of Antipodal City, third; is to identify the broad of his influence not only as the brains of opposition but also as a father of his clan, fourth; is to recognize all of his contributions not only in the province of Racial but also in the whole nation.This study will no longer tackle about the misconceptions of the young ones and the distinguished strategic solutions on how to properly orient the Antipodeans about him and how to strengthen the state of heritage tourism of Antipodal City. To gather reliable and concrete data the respondents were chosen carefully, first are the ones who are very close to Don Juan Summons heart, those who had never forgotten him, his family. They are the ones who will never forget what he has done and live up to his ideals and visions.Other than the family, a public servant who is inspired by his ideals and love for the city is asked to be interviewed for additional supporting details; and lastly the researchers conducted an interview with a historian who verified the data that have been collected. The setting was set to find accurate and consistent information only at Antipodal City wherein the center of study is concentrated. 2. 0 Review of Related Literature 1 Theoretical Framework leadership effectiveness.Researchers analyzed physical and psychological traits, or qualities, such as high level, appearance, aggressiveness, self-reliance, persuasiveness, and dominance on an effort to identify a set of traits that all successful leaders possessed. The researchers see the trait theory as the most eff ective theory that will guide the study. Trait theory of leadership generally considered the first modern theory of adhering became popular during the second half of the twentieth century and despite scholarly criticism has continued to be popular.The theory states that certain innate traits are common to leaders. Although the identified traits vary the most common are intelligence, self-confidence, determination, integrity, and sociability. In 1948, Ralph Melvin Stodgily said that in specific set of traits determined who would lead across the variety of different situations. As a result of his studies, he concluded that leadership was not the result of certain traits within the individual lone, but of the relationship between an individual and the social situation in which the individual found him or herself.In 1974, Stodgily conducted a second survey. His conclusion was based on a comparison of new studies with his original ones, was more balanced. His first survey implied that si tuation was the guiding factor in determining leadership; the second one concluded that both traits and situations determined leadership. James M. Souses and Barry Z. Poster made a major contribution to trait theory. In early sass's more than 1500 managers responded to their survey in which they asked, â€Å"What values do you look for in your superiors? Of the 225 values, characteristics, and attitudes compiled from the answers the top four were being honest, forward looking, inspiring, and competent. They called these being credible. It only shows that in a particular group or locality, an effective leader is needed in order for its' growth and progression. 2. 2 Literature Review An individual becomes noble when it shows great impact to its locality and is significant to its people. Nobility stood for social superiority. It is a reward for service rendered to the state.It is a quality that the sovereign power imprints upon private errors, so as to raise them and their descendants above the other citizens, (Greenfield, 1992). Nobility was associated with good character, moral worth, magnanimity, and ethical goodness. Nobles thus united to one another and easily recognize by others, (Robinson, 2001). To be noble is to have political power. It is impossible to achieve noble status without first exercising considerable power to get there, (Poster, 2004, p. 110).Significance on the other hand is defined as the quality of being important and interaction between different levels of power: between formal and informal, the riveter and the state, the centre and localities, (Vine, 1995). As a baseball legend Jackie Robinson once noted â€Å"life is not significant except for its impact on other lives†, (Maxwell, 2013). The researchers found these two words: nobility and significance are intertwined together. As the gathered various sources of data support that a person who is in a way influential and great is noble and significant.Now, how does history takes pl ace in it? History is shaped through diverse events done by man in the earlier period which have great impacts to present time. History as well plays a vital role in the identity of man. It is the building of personal and collective identity through â€Å"memory', the social, cultural, and political use and function of â€Å"narrating the past,† and the psychological structures of remembering, repressing, and recalling. Thus, a man is the product of his past. Whoever he is today is the result of the past he has. Filipinos of today are identified and linked to its olden times.It is said that great men in time were written in history. According to Great Man Theory, great man is a single, out-standing individual can emerge in a time of crisis and steer a nation to victory, (Bug, 2011). A great man shows greatness in his own way. Greatness equates to a constellation of character traits such as integrity, intelligence and self-confidence, (Bug, 2011). Many great Filipino men were penned in the past. The late Juan Assuming was one of them. He was a self-made man, (Association, Philippine Historical, 1975).He has done something larger than himself, and stories larger than his life that benefited the later generations. Just a Dreamer An article written on the Philippine Free Press defined Juan Assuming as a dreamer and an idealist, (Guerdon, 1938). He likes to plan quietly for an ideal state. He led a life dedicated to ideals of democracy, integrity, and selfless public service, Immense-Healer, 2001). Don Juan was considered as a successful seers and prophets, (Association, Philippine Historical, 1975). He was a man of foresight, (Association, Philippine Historical, 1975).He excelled in logical thinking and unbending attitude toward questions which in a way of thinking were crucial in the resolution of the Philippine problems, (Gecko, 1948). His Statesman's vision made him realize that while the nationalist's' platform could win the votes of the people  œ as, indeed, it was proved in the election for the Assembly in 1907 – it would nevertheless disastrous to the people if implemented. He was realistic, (Association, Philippine Historical, 1975, p. 182). Warrior of Democracy Don Juan is in a way the first and the last Ant'.Due of his principles and beliefs he getting independence for the nation, (Guerdon, 1938). He was one of the eminent Filipinos who organized the first political party in the Philippines – the Federal Party, for the purpose of promoting permanent invasion of the Philippines to the United States and its eventual admission as one of the States of the American Union, Gecko, 1948). Assuming came to be known as a supporter of the party. He sincerely believed that a step by step democratic system was good for the Filipino people. That, to achieve political independence it must coincide with economic independence as well.He knew it would take some time for the economy to be viable because of the Revolution a nd Filipino-American War, (Association, Philippine Historical, 1975). He gave full support in the restoration of peace and order after the Filipino-American war. Yet, the Federal Party found out that there was no favorable response to their appeal from the Filipino people so they decided to dissolve it, (Gecko, 1948). The dissolution of Federal Party gave way to birth of Progression Party or the Partied National Progression, Juan Assuming as the Vice-President, which platform was not immediate independence.Its goal was to achieve Philippine independence by progressive stages. On the other hand, the Nationalists Party of Guenon adopted the â€Å"absolute, complete, and immediate Independence† as platform and battle cry (Association, Philippine Historical, 1975). The Progression party was accused of not favoring independence, (Gecko, 1948). The people wanted Juan Assuming to remises immediate independence but he did not say it because he believed it would be a lie if he did. So , the victory was easily won by the Nationalists Party again, (Association, Philippine Historical, 1975).In 1930 to 1931, Don Juan was in the United States as a member of the Philippine Independence Mission which presented before the U. S Congress the side of the Filipinos on the several bills which were then the forerunners of what was subsequently enacted as the Philippine Independence Act, (Association, Philippine Historical, 1975). When the first Philippine Independence Act, known as the Hare-Hawse-Cutting Act was enacted by the U. S Congress, Don Juan made a careful study of its provisions and opposed its acceptance by Filipinos.Due of its provision that even after the Philippines was granted the Independence it deserved, the United States would continue to exercise sovereignty over U. S military bases in the nation. He expressed his opposition in an article published in La Vanguard. Other men as well opposed the Hare-Hawse-Cutting Act listed as Guenon, Gondola, Recto and more. They became known as the â€Å"Ant's†. Someone, Rosa, and others who were defending and favoring the Act were known as â€Å"Pros†, (Association, Philippine Historical, 1975).In the election of 1934, Don Juan ran as the candidate of â€Å"Ant's† as Senator in the fourth senatorial district. He got the sides of the people and the â€Å"Ant's† became the party in power, (Association, Philippine Historical, 1975). Shortly after the election the Nationalists and the Democrat merged and created President and Senator Assuming as Vice-President. But the coalition and fusion of Nationalists and Democrat did not last, he went against Guenon when it came-up to him that the fusion of two parties would kill the opposition party necessary to preservation of democracy, (Association, Philippine Historical, 1975).All through the times of Senator Juan Summons life he was fighting for the democracy of the nation until the time he was bed-ridden, Immense-Healer, 2001). Bef ore he got heat attack during the invasion of Japanese in the Philippines, he said that it was not right for the Filipino leaders to agree to any agreement as long as there were Filipinos fighting and dying in Bataan against Japanese occupation. He died loyal to his country, devoted to the cause of democracy, and seeking to always do what is right for his people, (Association, Philippine Historical, 1975).He showed his love by making a tan and fighting for his own nation and his fellow Filipino. Filipinos Filipinos means love of the country. It is an appreciation of everything that is beautiful in our land. It is a feeling of oneness and togetherness with all our people irrespective of status, religion, or social position, (S. C, 1996, p. 74). In 1896, when the Philippine revolution against the Spain erupted Juan Assuming who was in his first year at the University of Stop.Atoms stopped his studies and joined and served as secretary of the revolutionary forces of Austin Nativity in Mormon Headquarters, (Association, Philippine Historical, 1975, p. 73), Immense- Healer, 2001). During the Filipino-American war, Assuming was persuaded to support the American policy of pacification due to the possibility of blood-spattered and prolonged war that might convey more sufferings to the Filipinos, Immense-Healer, 2001). Throughout the times the Philippines was given the chance by the U. S congress to draft its own constitution, Assuming rejected the Joint Resolution No. Which received tremendous criticisms from the members of Assembly that revealed not only legalistic mind concerned with proper form but as well as nationalistic bent. This exposed his unstated belief that the Filipinos desired no less than independence, Immense-Healer, 2001, p. 54). It was for the good of people that he remained in the opposition, (Association, Philippine Historical, 1975, p. 182). Politician Don Juan involved himself in politics in 1901. He presents a unique profile off Filipino Politic ian, Immense-Healer, 2001, p. 170).Senator Juan Summons political success and immortality did not lie in having taken high positions in the government Assuming provided the Filipinos with a model for a new brand of politics. He believed that politics was not solely the pursuit of political power. Rather, it was a way by which the people could be informed and educated about the issues that mattered in their lives, Immense-Healer, 2001, p. 170). Serving the Filipino people and not winning was the primary goal of Juan Assuming when he ran for elections, Immense-Healer, 2001).Distinguished Men of Time Aside from Don Juan Assuming there were as well prominent Filipino men who fought and sacrificed their lives for the comfort and freedom the present generation is enjoying. Men who coincidentally, shared same principles, beliefs, love for the nation and fellowmen, and warriors of democracy, showed Filipinos, and as well Laotians. Evil B. Xavier: The Impossible Dreamer (1942-1946) â€Å"If you tilt at windmills, you either get flung to the mud or rare tossed right up to the stars† – Evolve Xavier.The â€Å"Impossible Dreamer† as known to his colleagues and friends was born October 31, 1942 in upland town of Hamlin, Antique. He studied at Atone University and became a member of LAB Party. He was a friend to Benign â€Å"Ninny' Aquinas and they shared the same political dream: for democracy to flourish once again in the Philippines. He decided to run for Constitutional Convention when he realized that he had to e part of the political system in order to effect change, although he lost, the following year he ran for governor of Antique and became one of the youngest governors in the said province.In his campaign letter, he declared that he was running because he wanted to restore to people, especially children, the ability to dream. The children of his time adored him and were attracted to his idealism and charisma. His organization was his people a nd his bailiwick was the faith he induced in them. He pushed for people- centered, resource-based development long before the political structures and attitudes became ready for it. He worked under the constraints of Martial Law as a member of the opposition.In 1980, Nora recalled that when his brother Beaver) stepped down and asked what he will do after doing so, said â€Å"l will continue to be a dreamer, I will continue to tilt against the windmill†. Xavier decided he could no longer serve under a regime whose laws and principles were in conflict with his morals. His family and lived in peace and ease. It was the assassination of his colleague, Ninny that Jolted Xavier out of Contentment and brought him back to Philippines. He said he has a role to play as a freeman not someone bound by Martial Law.Indeed in 1984, two years before his death, he ran for Antique's lone Assemblyman Seat in Batsman Bananas. On May 13, the eve of the elections, seven of Saver's campaign workers were crossing the Panning Bridge when they were ambushed from all sides by armed men. On the day of declaration of election winner, returns showed Xavier leading, until the returns from San Regimes, suspiciously wrapped in cement paper showed otherwise. Predictability, Pacification, Marco's ally, announced the winner. Xavier cried electoral fraud and filed a case but was dismissed by the Commission on Elections.So, he brought the protest to Supreme Court but again buried until 1986. There were times Xavier would lose hope, when he feared that Antique would never be free of its warlord politics and that the Philippines would always remain chaotic. But hope came when Marco's announced the holding of snap election. Carbon Aquinas declared her candidacy for president after supporters gathered one million signatures. Xavier decided to become Aquinas campaign manager in Antique. It was a decision that would cost him his life. On February 1 1, Xavier spent his morning at the Provincial Ca pitol, monitoring the invasion of election returns.When at 10:45 a. M. He was killed by six hooded men wielding 16 riffles. More than 50,000 Antiques wanted to see and mourn for him. It took 21 hours and 200 kilometers through 12 towns for his body to arrive at San Jose where he was buried on February 20. Two days after he was buried, the DEEDS People Power Revolution began, (Balloon, 2006). Lorenz M. Tanana â€Å"Aka-Tanana': Nationalist at Heart and in Deed â€Å"To him everything that was inimical to the interest of the Philippines and of the Filipino people was to be rejected. And everything that promoted the good of the neutron and people was to be embraced† – Tees Duenna Lorenz M.Tanana commonly known as â€Å"Aka-Tawny' was born on August 10, 1898 in Sumac, Tablas (now Guenon). He was an activist. His first taste of activism happened when he was in fifth grade at Donation Elementary School. He was a crusader by nature. All ideals he embraced though many and di verse came under one roof; Nationalism. It was his personal trademark, a lifelong battle he fought with his body, mind, heart, and soul. Soon he became synonymous with the concept of Nationalism. As a senator, he was not only a brilliant lawmaker but also a public servant who